MediaWiki-API-resultat
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"compare": {
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"fromtitle": "Forside",
"toid": 2,
"torevid": 2,
"tons": 0,
"totitle": "St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner",
"*": "<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-lineno\" id=\"mw-diff-left-l1\">Linje 1:</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-lineno\">Linje 1:</td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''MediaWiki-programvaren er n\u00e5 installert.'''</del></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">__NUMBEREDHEADINGS__</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br/></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br/></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Se [http://meta</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wikimedia</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org/wiki/Help:Contents brukerveiledningen] for informasjon om hvordan du bruker wiki</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">programvaren</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">= Innledning =</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Over det meste av Europa legges det nye jernbanespor hver dag</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er flere \u00e5rsaker til at jernbanen igjen er satt p\u00e5 dagsorden, men det er ingen tvil om at togets milj\u00f8fortrinn er en viktig drahjelp for jernbanen</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Forhold som energi</ins>- <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">og arealbruk, kapasitet, trafikksikkerhet og minimal forurensning av luften er alle sterke milj\u00f8fordeler</ins>. \u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br/></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br/></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>==<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00c5 starte</del>==</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Selv om toget er anerkjent som et av de aller mest milj\u00f8vennlige transportmidler vi har, er heller ikke jernbanen fri for milj\u00f8messige ulemper. Den ulempen som er mest fremtredende i dagens debatt, er st\u00f8y. Men ogs\u00e5 strukturlyd og vibrasjoner er forhold som kan for\u00e5rsake sjenanse hos mennesker som oppholder seg langs jernbanelinjene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>*[http://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.org/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Manual</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Configuration_settings Oppsettsliste</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>*[http://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</del>/wiki/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Manual</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">FAQ </del>Ofte <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">stilte sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Jernbanens innvirkning p\u00e5 st\u00f8y, strukturlyd og vibrasjoner ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>*[<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lists</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wikimedia</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mailman</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">listinfo</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">announce MediaWiki e</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">postliste</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kontaktflaten mellom hjul og skinne er den dominerende kilden til lydavstr\u00e5ling fra jernbanetrafikk. Dette medf\u00f8rer luftoverf\u00f8rt lyd, eller st\u00f8y mot omgivelsene. Kontaktflaten mellom hjul og skinne skaper ogs\u00e5 krefter og bevegelser i bakken som overf\u00f8res til n\u00e6rliggende bygninger. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00d8kt trafikk fra veg og jernbane, kombinert med fortetting av bygninger i byer og tettsteder, medf\u00f8rer problemer med st\u00f8y, vibrasjoner og rystelser. For jernbanen er \u00f8kt hastighet ogs\u00e5 med p\u00e5 \u00e5 \u00f8ke problemene knyttet til st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner. Tunneler og lokk over trafikk\u00e5rer er aktuelle utbyggingsprosjekter. I alle disse tilfellene m\u00e5 det utf\u00f8res s\u00e6rskilte vurderinger av st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I bygninger blir bevegelsene ofte forsterket ved resonanseffekter i gulv, vegger og tak, slik at de i noen tilfeller for\u00e5rsaker ulemper. De kan forstyrre aktiviteter og kanskje gi helsemessige konsekvenser, eller de kan p\u00e5virke og evt. \u00f8delegge instrumenter og presisjonsutstyr. Bevegelsene kan f\u00f8les i kontaktflaten mellom menneskekropp og bygning eller m\u00f8bler.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For mennesker er det ofte vanskelig \u00e5 skille virkningen av vibrasjoner og virkning av den lyd som skapes innend\u00f8rs av de samme vibrasjonene (strukturlyd). Dette lavfrekvente lydbidraget registreres prim\u00e6rt av \u00f8ret og opptrer samtidig med den lyden som avstr\u00e5les direkte bl.a. fra skinne og hjul. Sistnevnte overf\u00f8res prim\u00e6rt via luft til menneskets \u00f8re (luftlyd).</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Disse tre potensielle sjenansekomponentene m\u00e5 skilles og behandles enkeltvis, b\u00e5de i forhold til mulig forstyrrelse og behov for reduserende tiltak. Til slutt m\u00e5 de sees i sammenheng for \u00e5 bed\u00f8mme total ulempe og prioritere valg av tiltak.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">= Begreper st\u00f8y, strukturlyd og vibrasjoner =</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Lyd og st\u00f8y ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lyd er \u00f8rsm\u00e5 variasjoner i lufttrykket. Disse brer seg utover som b\u00f8lger p\u00e5 samme m\u00e5te som ringer i vannet n\u00e5r man kaster uti en stein. \u00d8ret er f\u00f8lsomt for disse svingningene og oppfatter lyd over et stort frekvensomr\u00e5de. Frekvensen (antall svingninger pr. sekund) m\u00e5les i Hertz (Hz). Svingningene kan variere raskt (h\u00f8ye frekvenser, diskant) eller langsomt (lave frekvenser, bass). \u00d8ret oppfatter normalt svingninger mellom ca. 20 og 20 000 Hz.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hva som regnes som st\u00f8y varierer med oppfatningen til det enkelte menneske (forhold som innstilling, alder, jobbsituasjon etc.). St\u00f8y er den delen av h\u00f8rselsinntrykket vi ikke \u00f8nsker. St\u00f8y \u00f8nskes begrenset i st\u00f8rst mulig grad.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:lyd_og_stoy"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_1_lyd_og_stoy.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>St\u00f8y er den del av h\u00f8rselsinntrykket vi ikke \u00f8nsker.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Lydbegreper ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lydkilder angis ved utstr\u00e5lt akustisk effekt (lydeffektniv\u00e5) i dB, som regel A-veid lydeffektniv\u00e5. At niv\u00e5et er A-veid betyr at det tas spesielt hensyn til de frekvensene menneske\u00f8ret oppfatter best. Disse verdiene danner grunnlaget for \u00e5 vurdere og sammenligne kilder, og grunnlaget for \u00e5 beregne lydtrykkniv\u00e5er ute og inne i rom. Lydtrykkniv\u00e5et i et rom er avhengig av kildens lydeffektniv\u00e5, avstand til kilden, terreng, lydreduserende elementer, bygningskonstruksjoner, samt etterklangstid og volum i rommet. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Desibel'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Den fysiske betegnelsen for lydtrykk er N/m<sup>2</sup> eller Pa. \u00d8rets oppfattelse av lydstyrke er imidlertid mer logaritmisk enn line\u00e6r, og det dynamiske omr\u00e5det er veldig stort (ca. 20 \u03bcPa\u201320 Pa). Derfor er det mest hensiktsmessig \u00e5 bruke et logaritmisk forholdstall, desibel (dB). Desibel er ingen fysisk st\u00f8rrelse, men beskriver forholdet til en gitt referanse. For lydstyrke er denne referansen satt til det lydtrykket som regnes som nedre terskel for h\u00f8rbar lyd (20 \u03bcPa), alts\u00e5 0 dB. En \u00f8kning p\u00e5 3 dB tilsvarer omtrent en dobling av det fysiske lydtrykket, men oppfattes bare som en merkbar \u00f8kning. En \u00f8kning p\u00e5 10 dB tilsvarer en ti-dobling av det fysiske lydtrykket, men oppfattes som en tiln\u00e6rmet dobling av lydstyrken.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:dB-skala"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:DB-skala.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Eksempler p\u00e5 ulike lydtrykkniv\u00e5 i dB.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''A-veiing'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det A-veide lydtrykkniv\u00e5et i dB er et m\u00e5l for lydstyrke tilpasset \u00f8rets f\u00f8lsomhet for de ulike frekvensene, s\u00e5kalt veid etter A-veiekurven. A-veiing har sin bakgrunn i at \u00f8ret er mest f\u00f8lsomt for lyd ved frekvenser omkring 2\u20134 kHz, og lite f\u00f8lsomt for frekvenser under 100 Hz. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:A-veiing"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_2_A-veiing.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Veiekurve for beregning av A-veid lydtrykkniv\u00e5 (bl\u00e5 linje). B- og C-veiing (gr\u00e5 linjer) er sv\u00e6rt lite brukt.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== St\u00f8yindikatorer, tidsmidlet, dag- kveld- natt-, og maksimalniv\u00e5 ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I tillegg til frekvens og lydstyrke har det stor betydning n\u00e5r og hvor ofte st\u00f8y forekommer. Ved fastsettelse av grenseverdier og kriterier for tiltak benyttes ofte tidsmidlet (blir ofte omtalt som ekvivalent) lydtrykkniv\u00e5 over en periode som grunnlag. I tillegg kan maksimalt lydtrykkniv\u00e5 og antall hendelser inng\u00e5 som grunnlag for bestemmelse av st\u00f8yforholdene og omfang av de st\u00f8yreduserende tiltak.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:level"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:level.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Grafisk framstilling og sammenligning av st\u00f8yindikatorer over et d\u00f8gn. Det faktiske lydtrykkniv\u00e5et er tegnet med svart linje. De skraverte feltene indikerer straffetillegget p\u00e5 kvelds- og nattestid for L<sub>den</sub></caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Tidsmidlet (ekvivalent) lydtrykkniv\u00e5, ''L''<small>''p'',''T''</small>\u00a0 (''L''<small>eq</small>)'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Tidsmidlet lydtrykkniv\u00e5 er definert som det konstante niv\u00e5et som til sammen har like mye energi som det faktiske varierende lydtrykkniv\u00e5et over en gitt tid ''T'', f.eks. et d\u00f8gn</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><math>L_{p,T} = 10\\log_{10}\\left(\\frac{1}{T}\\int_{0}^{T}{\\frac{p^2(t)}{p_0^2}\\text{d}t}\\right), \\qquad p_0 = 20 \\mu\\text{Pa}</math></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kort forklart er dette det man kan kalle gjennomsnittlig lydtrykkniv\u00e5. Tidsmidlet lydtrykkniv\u00e5 over 24 timer er tegnet med stiplet svart linje i <xr id="fig:level" />. A-veid tidsmidlet lydtrykkniv\u00e5, forkortes ''L''<small>''p'',A''T''</small> eller ofte bare ''L''<small>A,eq</small>. Tidsmidlet lydtrykkniv\u00e5 over 24 timer (ofte kalt d\u00f8gnekvivalent) er i dag brukt i kravene til innend\u00f8rs st\u00f8y i Forurensningsforskriften kapittel 5. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Dag-kveld-nattniv\u00e5, L<small>den</small>'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I senere tid har det ogs\u00e5 blitt tatt i bruk en st\u00f8yindikator der st\u00f8y om kvelden og natten blir vektlagt. D\u00f8gnet deles inn i tre deler, og kvelds- og nattestid f\u00e5r et \u00abstraffetillegg\u00bb:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="Ldenkorreksjoner"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Korreksjoner i L<sub>den</sub></caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | tid </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="100" | tidsrom </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | tillegg</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| dag || 07.00\u201318.59 || </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| kveld || 19.00\u201322.59 || +5 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| natt || 23.00\u201306.59 || +10 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">L<small>den</small> er definert som:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><math>\\text{L}_{\\text{den}} = 10 \\log_{10}\\frac{1}{24}\\left(12\\cdot 10^{\\frac{\\text{L}_\\text{d}}{10}} + 4\\cdot 10^{\\frac{\\text{L}_\\text{e}+5}{10}} + 8\\cdot 10^{\\frac{\\text{L}_\\text{n}+10}{10}} \\right)</math></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">der L<small>d</small>, L<small>e</small> og L<small>n</small> er det tidsmidlede lydtrykkniv\u00e5et for henholdsvis dag, kveld og natt.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lden er bl.a. brukt som indikator i strategisk st\u00f8ykartlegging (EU-kartlegging) i henhold til direktiv 2002/49/EF, og i planretningslinje for st\u00f8y i arealplanlegging (T-1442).</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Maksimalt lydtrykkniv\u00e5, ''L''<sub>max</sub>'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Maksimalt st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 er et m\u00e5l p\u00e5 de h\u00f8yeste st\u00f8ytoppene. Dette er uavhengig av trafikkmengden. Tilfeldige og lite representative topper skal ikke bestemme Lmax . </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det opereres uheldigvis med flere forskjellige m\u00e5ter \u00e5 definere ''L''<sub>max</sub> p\u00e5. Det vanligste er \u00e5 bruke en statistisk verdi, dvs at en vurderer sannsynligheten for at st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et ved en tilfeldig togpassering vil overskride dette niv\u00e5et. I standarden NS 8175 (St\u00f8yklasser for bygninger) brukes f.eks maksimalverdien ''L''<small>AF95</small>\u00a0 som er definert som \u00abA-veid lydtrykkniv\u00e5 som det er 95 % sannsynlighet for at ikke vil bli overskredet av en tilfeldig valgt st\u00f8yhendelse\u00bb.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Den kanskje mest korrekte m\u00e5ten \u00e5 definere maksimalt lydtrykkniv\u00e5 p\u00e5, rent fysisk, er \u00e5 bruke det absolutt h\u00f8yeste momentane lydtrykkniv\u00e5et for en passering ''L''<small>AFmax</small>. Dette blir ofte kalt \u00ababsolutt maks\u00bb eller \u00abmax fast\u00bb. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">En annen parameter for \u00e5 beskrive maksimalt lydtrykkniv\u00e5 er det tidsmidlede lydtrykkniv\u00e5et over en togpassering (ofte omtalt som middelmax, Lmax,M). Det er imidlertid ingen entydig definisjon p\u00e5 n\u00e5r togpasseringen starter og slutter, og det er blant annet nettopp derfor denne parameteren ikke lenger er s\u00e6rlig brukt.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:veg_vs_jernbane1"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_3_veg_vs_jernbane1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Det \u00f8verste diagrammet er et eksempel p\u00e5 st\u00f8y ved en jernbanelinje. Det er h\u00f8ye st\u00f8ytopper hver gang et tog passerer, men i lange perioder er det forholdsvis stille.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det nederste diagrammet viser st\u00f8y fra en trafikkert vei med forholdsvis h\u00f8y, nesten kontinuerlig st\u00f8y. Gjennomsnittlig st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 blir likevel lavere enn i jernbaneeksempelet.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Energisummering av st\u00f8ykilder ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dersom lydtrykkniv\u00e5 fra flere st\u00f8ykilder skal summeres (for eksempel flere tog), kan man ikke uten videre legge sammen dB-verdiene. Dette er fordi dB er et logaritmisk forholdstall, og ikke en fysisk st\u00f8rrelse. Man m\u00e5 derfor legge sammen energien til kildene vha. logaritmisk summasjon:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><math>L_{\\text{tot}} = 10\\log_{10}\\left( 10^{\\frac{L_1}{10}} + 10^{\\frac{L_2}{10}} + \\cdots + 10^{\\frac{L_n}{10}}\\right)</math></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">der ''L''<sub>1</sub>, ''L''<sub>2</sub>, \u2026 ''L''<sub>n</sub> er lydtrykkniv\u00e5et til de ''n'' kildene som skal summeres.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Forenklet metode'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det finnes ogs\u00e5 en forenklet metode som kan brukes dersom man f.eks. ikke har tilgang til kalkulator eller annet regneredskap. Metoden gir riktig svar innenfor en n\u00f8yaktighet p\u00e5 ca. 1 dB.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Da finner man f\u00f8rst differansen mellom niv\u00e5ene, og legger deretter til verdien gitt i <xr id="tab:logsum" /> til det st\u00f8rste niv\u00e5et. Skal man finne samlet niv\u00e5 fra tre delbidrag, starter man med de to minste verdiene og summerer disse som angitt over. Deretter tar man den nye verdien og summerer p\u00e5 tilsvarende m\u00e5te med det tredje delbidraget.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:logsum"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+ <caption>Summering av flere st\u00f8ykilder ved logaritmisk skala</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Differanse mellom delbidrag </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | 0\u20131 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | 2\u20133 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | 4\u20139 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | > 9</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Tillegg til st\u00f8rste bidrag: || <center>3</center> || <center>2</center> || <center>1</center> || <center>0</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Eks. 1'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8ykilde A + st\u00f8ykilde B</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">56 dB + 58 dB = 60 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Forklaring: Vi skal summerer niv\u00e5ene 56 dB og 58 dB. Differansen er 2 dB og tillegget blir 2 dB. Samlet st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 blir da 58 + 2 dB = 60 dB.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Eks. 2'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8ykilde A + st\u00f8ykilde B + st\u00f8ykilde C</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">56 dB + 58 dB + 59 dB = 63 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Forklaring: Vi skal summerer niv\u00e5ene 56 dB, 58 dB og 59 dB. Vi starter med de to laveste verdiene: 56 dB og 58 dB. Differansen er 2 dB, tillegget og ny verdi blir 60 dB. Differansen mellom den nye verdien og den siste som er 59 dB, blir 1 dB. Tillegget blir 3 dB og samlet niv\u00e5 blir 60 dB + 3 dB = 63 dB.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Absorpsjon og refleksjon av lyd ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lydb\u00f8lger fra en kilde kan, over en viss frekvens (Shcr\u00f6der-frekvens), betraktes som str\u00e5ler. Dermed er det enklere \u00e5 bruke og forst\u00e5 prinsippene bak refleksjon, absorpsjon og diffraksjon. En lydb\u00f8lge kan:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Reflekteres fra akustisk harde flater</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Absorberes av akustisk myke flater</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Spres av hj\u00f8rner, skarpe kanter og ujevne flater (diffraksjon)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Absorpsjonsfaktor, \u03b1, gir uttrykk for om et materiale er akustisk hardt eller mykt:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Absorpsjon: n\u00e5r lydstr\u00e5ler treffer et akustisk mykt materiale blir energien absorbert, \u03b1 = 1,0 tilsvarer 100 % absorpsjon.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Refleksjon: n\u00e5r lydstr\u00e5ler treffer et akustisk hardt materiale blir energien reflektert, \u03b1 = 0 tilsvarer 0 % absorpsjon, dvs. 100 % refleksjon.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I st\u00f8yberegninger regnes ballastpukk, hager/parker, jorbruksarealer o.l. som akustisk myk mark, mens veier, parkeringsplasser og vann regnes som hard mark.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Vibrasjoner ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Innledning ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Over store deler av de tettest befolkede omr\u00e5dene i Norge best\u00e5r undergrunnen av bl\u00f8t leire, ofte med stor dybde til fjell eller faste lag. Under slike forhold vil trafikk p\u00e5 veg og bane for\u00e5rsake spenningsendringer og deformasjoner i undergrunnen. Disse vil forplantes til omkringliggende omr\u00e5der og kan overf\u00f8res til n\u00e6rliggende bygninger i form av vibrasjoner der bygningene er fundamentert i l\u00f8smassene. Vibrasjonene kan bli forsterket ved overf\u00f8ring til gulv, vegger og tak slik at de i noen tilfeller kan for\u00e5rsake ulemper. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Vibrasjoner fra samferdsel er vanligvis p\u00e5 et niv\u00e5 som ikke f\u00f8rer til bygningsskade, men personer som oppholder seg i slike bygninger kan f\u00f8le vibrasjoner ved overf\u00f8ring i kontaktflaten mellom menneskekropp og bygning eller m\u00f8bel. Dette kan f\u00f8re til forstyrrelser for beboerne med mulige helsemessige konsekvenser. Bruk av fintf\u00f8lende instrumenter og annet presisjonsutstyr kan ogs\u00e5 p\u00e5virkes, men dette er et lite problem.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Vibrasjoner og sjenanseproblemer ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I likhet med st\u00f8y er vibrasjoner fra samferdsel ikke s\u00e5 kraftige at de fremkaller direkte fysiologiske skader. Ulike kroppsfunksjoner kan likevel p\u00e5virkes i form av endret hjerte-/lungeaktivitet med hurtigere puls og \u00e5ndedrett samt \u00f8kt hormonproduksjon. Dette kan f\u00f8les som forstyrrende og ubehagelig og i det lange l\u00f8p skape psykiske problemer og andre sjenanseproblemer som innsovningsproblemer, s\u00f8vnforstyrrelser, konsentrasjonsvansker, tretthet eller f\u00f8lelse av ubehag og engstelse. Opplevelse av vibrasjoner har individuelt preg, og risikoen for skadelige helseeffekter har trolig sammenheng med den individuelle opplevelsen av sjenansen. Graden av sjenanse har ogs\u00e5 sammenheng med \u00f8vrige sanseinntrykk, som at glass klirrer og gjenstander beveger seg (planter svaier etc.), eventuelt i tillegg til st\u00f8y fra trafikk og andre kilder. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I regi av Norges Byggstandardiseringsr\u00e5d ble det i 1997\u201398 gjennomf\u00f8rt en norsk unders\u00f8kelse i 14 boomr\u00e5der ang\u00e5ende beboernes opplevelse av trafikkvibrasjoner i boligene. Samtidig er det beregnet vibrasjoner i boligene fra vegtrafikk, jernbane, t-bane eller trikk for hver av intervjustedene. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Resultatene av unders\u00f8kelsene ble brukt som grunnlag for norsk standard NS 8176. Standarden angir fire vibrasjonsklasser basert p\u00e5 ulik grad av plage ved ulike vibrasjonsverdier i boliger, knyttet til vibrajonsniv\u00e5er og prosentandel plaget p\u00e5 samme m\u00e5te som st\u00f8yklassene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Da vil det v\u00e6re mulig \u00e5 ansl\u00e5 hvor stor del av befolkningen som er utsatt for vibrasjonsplager, men datagrunnlaget er enn\u00e5 meget spinkelt.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">N\u00e5r man skal bygge langs jernbaner eller nye baner skal bygges, er det n\u00f8dvendig \u00e5 vurdere b\u00e5de f\u00f8lsomhet mot vibrasjoner og strukturlydniv\u00e5er. Som regel kan man si at jernbane fundamentert p\u00e5 fjell, har potensielle strukturlydproblemer. Med hus eller bane p\u00e5 l\u00f8smasser, har man f\u00f8rst og fremst et potensielt vibrasjonsproblem.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lavfrekvente svingninger kan ved gitte grunnforhold opptre som f\u00f8lbare vibrasjoner. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">B\u00e5de strukturlyd og vibrasjoner er mest utpreget ved lave frekvenser, dvs. under 100 Hz, mens luftlyd gj\u00f8r seg gjeldende over hele spekteret mellom 20 og 20 000 Hz.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Strukturlyd ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Skinneg\u00e5ende trafikk benytter metallhjul som ruller mot metallskinner. Strukturoverf\u00f8rt lyd, eller bare strukturlyd, er derfor et st\u00f8rre problem n\u00e6r skinneg\u00e5ende trafikk enn n\u00e6r veier der kj\u00f8ret\u00f8yene kj\u00f8rer p\u00e5 dekk. Ujevnheter p\u00e5 skinner og/eller hjul gir vibrasjoner gjennom grunnen med frekvens som er s\u00e5 h\u00f8y at det for\u00e5rsaker h\u00f8rbar lyd, strukturlyd, n\u00e5r vibrasjonene setter bygningsflater i bevegelse. Slik lyd kan forekomme for eksempel i en bygning over en jernbanetunnel der man ikke ser togene, men h\u00f8rer rumling n\u00e5r de passerer. Strukturlyd skaper s\u00e6rlig problemer der b\u00e5de bane og bygninger ligger p\u00e5 fjell eller hard mark.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Strukturlyd oppleves ofte som mer plagsom enn lyd som overf\u00f8res via lufta ved samme lydniv\u00e5, siden strukturlyden gjerne str\u00e5ler fra alle flater i rommet og er vanskelig \u00e5 retningsbestemme. Strukturlyd kan v\u00e6re dominerende i rom som vender bort fra eller er skjermet i forhold til banen. P\u00e5 samme m\u00e5te som for vibrasjoner, kan virkningen av tiltak mot lyd som overf\u00f8res via lufta f\u00e5 begrenset effekt p\u00e5 plagegrad der strukturlyden blir dominerende.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I rom som vender ut mot banen, vil vanligvis luftoverf\u00f8rt lyd gi h\u00f8yere niv\u00e5er enn strukturlydoverf\u00f8ringen. Grenseverdien for innend\u00f8rs st\u00f8y i forurens\u00acnings\u00acforskriften kapittel 5 gjelder her for summen av luftlyd og strukturlyd. Tidligere studier av st\u00f8yforholdene i for eksempel Gamlebyen i Oslo, har konkludert med at n\u00e5r grensen settes som tidsmidlet (ekvivalent) lydtrykkniv\u00e5 p\u00e5 35 dBA, kan man neglisjere bidrag fra strukturlyd i rom ut mot banen. N\u00e5r grensen settes til, for eksempel 30 dBA, m\u00e5 man imidlertid ta med bidraget fra strukturst\u00f8y. Hvis man skal overholde grensen p\u00e5 30 dBA, m\u00e5 det i de fleste situasjoner gjennomf\u00f8res strukturlydreduserende tiltak. For grenseverdier for strukturlyd, se for \u00f8vrig [[St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner#Retningslinje om st\u00f8y i arealplanlegging (t-1442)|Retningslinje om st\u00f8y i arealplanlegging (t-1442)]].</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Strukturlyd forplanter seg gjennom hardt medium. En bedre betegnelse p\u00e5 strukturlyden kan derfor v\u00e6re \u00abkonstruksjonsforplantet lyd\u00bb. Strukturlyd ligger i frekvensomr\u00e5det 30\u20131000 Hz. Strukturlyd forplanter seg best i godt fjell, og kan generere problemer for bygninger inntil 50 m fra sporet den.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For strukturlyden er det en fordel med myk underbygning, i motsetning til lavfrekvente vibrasjoner hvor det er en fordel med stiv underbygning.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Strukturlydniv\u00e5ene oppleves ofte i rom som vender vekk fra banen. Mye av st\u00f8yen kommer fra sekund\u00e6reffekter av vibrasjoner,for eksempel skrangling av inventar og utstyr og knaking i paneler, som skyldes at bygningene rister. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dempingsbehov mot strukturlyd m\u00e5 vurderes i det enkelte prosjekt. I noen tilfeller er det ikke behov for tiltak, i andre spesielle tilfeller kan dempings\u00acbehovet v\u00e6re mer enn 10 dB. Dette regnes imidlertid som sjeldent, og 10 dB demping vil representere en \u00f8vre grense for dempingsbehov.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:vib_fjell_vs_leire"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_4_vib_fjell_vs_leire.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Situasjon a kan gi strukturlyd fra jernbane. Situasjon b kan gi f\u00f8lbare vibrasjoner fra jernbane.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">= Opplevelse av luflyd/st\u00f8y, strukturlyd og vibrasjoner =</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Opplevelse av st\u00f8y ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mennesker reagerer ulikt p\u00e5 st\u00f8y. Det er derfor vanskelig \u00e5 fastsette grenseverdier som tilfredsstiller alle. Om et bestemt lydniv\u00e5 kan aksepteres, avhenger av mange forhold: tid, sted, lydens art, subjektive reaksjoner, sinnstilstand og lignende.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8y kan gi negativ innvirkning p\u00e5 s\u00f8vn og samtale. De vanligste innvirkningene p\u00e5 s\u00f8vn er:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* vekking</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* problem med \u00e5 falle i s\u00f8vn</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* redusert s\u00f8vntid i viktige s\u00f8vnfaser</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* generelt forstyrret s\u00f8vnm\u00f8nster</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">S\u00f8vnkvaliteten blir redusert av st\u00f8y. Dersom s\u00f8vn og hvile er d\u00e5rlig over lengre tid, kan dette f\u00e5 helsemessige konsekvenser. Mangel p\u00e5 s\u00f8vn medf\u00f8rer dessuten d\u00e5rligere prestasjonsevne og mindre velv\u00e6re p\u00e5 dagtid. Risikoen for urolig s\u00f8vn er avhengig av alder og individ.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8y forstyrrer alle former for talekommunikasjon ved for eksempel lytting til radio/TV, undervisning, samtaler m.m. St\u00f8y som ofte forstyrrer samtale og undervisning kan hemme den spr\u00e5klige utviklingen for barn og ungdom.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8y kan ogs\u00e5 v\u00e6re en stressfaktor som gir fysiologiske skadevirkninger. St\u00f8y kan videre redusere trivselen. Med et gjennomsnittlig utend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 for veitrafikk p\u00e5 55\u201360 dBA vil om lag 10\u201315 % av en \u00abnormal\u00bb befolkning v\u00e6re sterkt forstyrret. Ved 70 dBA utend\u00f8rs vil tilsvarende prosentvise andel sterkt plaget \u00f8ke til om lag 40 %.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Om st\u00f8y fra en eller flere kilder kan aksepteres, avhenger heller ikke bare av det absolutte lydtrykkniv\u00e5et, men ogs\u00e5 av den relative verdien i forhold til andre st\u00f8ykilder. Lyder overd\u00f8ver og maskerer hverandre gjensidig. Lyd fra en kilde er vanskeligere \u00e5 oppfatte jo svakere den er i forhold til en annen kilde. Med mer enn 10 dB forskjell i lydtrykkniv\u00e5 fra to kilder, vil den svakeste kilden ikke ha noen m\u00e5leteknisk og beregningsmessig betydning, dersom frekvensspektrene ikke avviker vesentlig fra hverandre.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Grensen for akseptabel st\u00f8y i rom settes ut fra krav til forskjellige aktiviteter, s\u00f8vn og hvile, taleforst\u00e5lighet, konsentrasjon m.m.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">En levek\u00e5rsunders\u00f8kelse foretatt i Norge (T\u00d8I, 1997) viser at de samfunnsmessige konsekvenser av st\u00f8y fra samferdsel kan oppsummeres som f\u00f8lger:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Veg er den klart dominerende st\u00f8ykilden</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Samferdselsst\u00f8y er et av de viktigste bomilj\u00f8problemene</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* S\u00f8vn og hvileforstyrrelser er viktigste ulempe</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Andel utsatt for st\u00f8y har \u00f8kt de siste 15 \u00e5rene</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Jernbanest\u00f8y kontra vegtrafikkst\u00f8y ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Unders\u00f8kelser viser at st\u00f8y fra jernbane generelt oppfattes som mindre plagsomt enn for eksempel vegtrafikkst\u00f8y ved samme lydtrykkniv\u00e5. De fleste unders\u00f8kelsene tar utgangspunkt i utend\u00f8rs st\u00f8y, ettersom innend\u00f8rs niv\u00e5er er vanskeligere \u00e5 beregne. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sammenligning av vegtrafikkst\u00f8y og jernbanest\u00f8y synes \u00e5 vise at jernbanest\u00f8y er mer forstyrrende for kommunikasjon (samtaler, telefonsamtaler, radiolytting, TV-titting) enn vegtrafikkst\u00f8y. Derimot forstyrrer jernbanest\u00f8y mindre enn vegtrafikkst\u00f8y for forhold som konsentrasjon, hvile og rekreasjon og s\u00f8vnforstyrrelser.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Tar man utgangspunkt i utend\u00f8rs st\u00f8y, ser man videre at folk\u00a0 aksepterer i gjennomsnitt 5 dB h\u00f8yere niv\u00e5 fra jernbane enn fra veg, spesielt for (tidsmidlede) niv\u00e5er over 55\u201360 dBA. Dette henger sammen med:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Faste tidspunkt for st\u00f8yhendelser (togpasseringene)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Ofte lange, stille perioder</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Frekvensfordeling for togst\u00f8yen, som er mer h\u00f8yfrekvent enn vegtrafikk, noe som ogs\u00e5 ofte gir bedre fasadeisolasjon og skjermeffekt for tog- enn for vegtrafikkst\u00f8y</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Toget er mer akseptert som st\u00f8ykilde</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For niv\u00e5er over 60 dBA er gjennomg\u00e5ende enn \u00abjernbanebonus\u00bb p\u00e5 5 dB i forhold til vegtrafikkst\u00f8y, innarbeidet i de fleste europeiske land, som f\u00f8lge av forholdene nevnt under opplevelse av de ulike kildene over.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:GP-kurver"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_5_GP-kurver.svg|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Gjennomsnittlig plagegrad, SPI (st\u00f8yplageindeks), for ulike kilder. Basert p\u00e5 grunnlagsmateriale for annoyance score (Miedema, 1998/1999), SFT (2000) og senere justeringer.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:jernbane_vs_vei"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_6_jernbane_vs_vei2.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Opplevelse av veg- og jernbanest\u00f8y i Tyskland. Basert p\u00e5 omfattende sp\u00f8rreunders\u00f8kelser 1997/98.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== St\u00f8y fra godsterminaler ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Skifteomr\u00e5der har virksomhet som gir st\u00f8y med spesiell, s\u00e6rlig sjenerende karakter. Karakteristisk for st\u00f8y ved skifteomr\u00e5der er at den er stadig vekslende, skrikende og impulsiv. Ved de samme ekvivalentniv\u00e5ene synes det som om st\u00f8y fra ordin\u00e6r togtrafikk er mindre sjenerende enn st\u00f8y i forbindelse med skifting og st\u00f8y fra vedlikeholdsarbeid p\u00e5 jernbanen. Dette tross unders\u00f8kelser som viser at stasjonert tog med hjelpeoperasjoner (kompressorer, kj\u00f8leelementer, generatorer, bremseapparater m.v.) st\u00f8yer mindre enn passerende tog selv i lav hastighet (30 km/t).</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">De vesentligste bidragene til st\u00f8ybelastning stammer fra kurveskrik, stoppesko, skinnebremser, bufferst\u00f8t og motorst\u00f8y fra ventende lokomotiver, kj\u00f8rende lokomotiver med og uten vogner og kj\u00f8levogner. Spesielt skapes det mye st\u00f8y n\u00e5r godstog stopper som f\u00f8lge av bufferst\u00f8t, hvin fra bremser, frigj\u00f8ring av trykkluft osv.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">P\u00e5 de skifteomr\u00e5dene hvor h\u00f8yttaleranlegg er i bruk, kan denne st\u00f8yen v\u00e6re den mest sjenerende for naboer, fordi denne st\u00f8yen er informasjonsb\u00e6rende og derved vekker oppmerksomhet.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Siden st\u00f8y fra godsterminaler skiller seg fra st\u00f8y fra vanlig jernbanetrafikk, er det egne grenseverdier for st\u00f8y fra denne typen virksomhet. Anbefalte st\u00f8ygrenser for havner og terminaler (uten impulslyd) i T-1442 er L<sub>den</sub> 55 dB (gjennomsnitt over \u00e5ret) p\u00e5 uteplass og utenfor rom til st\u00f8yf\u00f8lsom bruk, samt L<sub>night</sub> 45 dB og maksimalniv\u00e5 L<sub>5AF</sub> 60 dB utenfor soverom om natten. Dersom virksomheten gir st\u00f8y med impulskarakter skjerpes L<sub>den</sub>-kravet til 50 dB. For kilder med store variasjoner i aktivitet b\u00f8r det benyttes krav til st\u00f8y i driftstiden.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Andel ber\u00f8rte av st\u00f8y utend\u00f8rs i Norge ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fra veg er antall ber\u00f8rte med utend\u00f8rs st\u00f8y ''L''<sub>''p'',A,24h</sub> > 50 dB over 1,4 mill.\u00a0 personer i 2007, til sammenligning var tallet for jernbane 60 000. St\u00f8y fra veitrafikk st\u00e5r for omlag 80 % av st\u00f8yplagen i Norge, mens jernbane for\u00e5rsaker ca. 4 %. ( [http://www.ssb.no/vis/magasinet/miljo/art-2009-05-14-01.html SSB, 2009]). <xr id="tab:personer_utsatt" /> viser tall for flere kilder og utviklingen fra 1999-2007, og er basert p\u00e5 SSBs nasjonale st\u00f8ymodell. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:personer_utsatt"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Antall personer eksponert for ulike st\u00f8yniv\u00e5er for den enkelte kilde<sup>1</sup>. Utvikling fra 1999\u20132007</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!\u00a0 !! 1999 !! 2006 !! 2007</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Vegtrafikk || 1 271 200 || 1 383 500 || 1 445 700</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Jernbane || 88 600 || 56 900 || 60 000</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Luftfart || 35 100 || 26 100 || 28 100</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Industri<sup>3</sup> || 21 500 || 20 500 || 22 000</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Annen n\u00e6ring<sup>3</sup> || 16 800 || 17 200 || 16 600</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small><sup>1</sup> Det kan ikke uten videre summeres mellom kildene.<br /></small></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small><sup>2</sup> Beregnes fra 55 dBA. Veitrafikk refererer til 2005.<br /></small></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small><sup>3</sup> Beregnes med nedre grense 48 dBA.<br /></small></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Utvikling av antall st\u00f8yutsatte ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For jernbanens del viser tallene en kraftig nedgang i antall st\u00f8yutsatte. En del av forklaringen bak dette er imidlertid overestimering av trafikktallene, spesielt for godstrafikk, fra 1999. Den totale utviklingen i st\u00f8yplage (for alle kildene samlet) har likevel \u00f8kt i perioden blant annet fordi antall personer utsatt for vegtrafikkst\u00f8y har \u00f8kt med nesten 14 %.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Nasjonale m\u00e5l for st\u00f8y ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Regjeringen fastsatte i 2007 et nasjonalt m\u00e5l for reduksjon av st\u00f8y og st\u00f8yplage fram mot 2020. M\u00e5lsetningen er delt i to punkt:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"># St\u00f8yplagen skal reduseres med 10 prosent innen 2020 i forhold til 1999<sup>1)</sup>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"># Antall personer utsatt for over 38 dB innend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 skal reduseres med 30 prosent innen 2020 i forhold til 2005<sup>2)</sup>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small><sup>1)</sup> Beregnet uten befolkningsvekst.<br /></small></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small><sup>2)</sup> Det nasjonale m\u00e5let om reduksjon i antall personer utsatt for over 38 dB innend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5, tar utgangspunkt i overordnede beregninger av antall st\u00f8yutsatte boliger der beregningene er foretatt med skjematisk fasadedemping uten hensyn til ventiler i fasade.</small></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dette m\u00e5let er bakgrunn for \u00e5 gj\u00f8re st\u00f8yreduserende tiltak innen alle samferdselssektorene. Et av tiltakene for \u00e5 n\u00e5 m\u00e5let er revisjon av forurensningsforskriften kapittel 5 med innstramming av krav til innend\u00f8rs st\u00f8y.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Kartlegging av jernbanest\u00f8y ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Jernbaneverket er p\u00e5lagt \u00e5 kartlegge st\u00f8yutbredelse langs jernbanenettet. Dette er b\u00e5de knyttet til forurensningsforskriften kapittel 5, og til det nasjonale m\u00e5let for st\u00f8y. F\u00f8rste kartlegging ble gjennomf\u00f8rt i 1998-1999, og kartleggingen skal oppdateres hvert femte \u00e5r. Forrige oppdatering ble gjort i 2007, men da kun p\u00e5 bakgrunn av endring i trafikktall siden trafikken gikk ned med ca. 30 % fra 1999\u20132007 (<xr id="tab:personer_utsatt" />. I 2010 gjennomf\u00f8rte Jernbaneverket en ny fullstendig kartlegging av hele det norske jernbanenettet. Dette ble gjort for \u00e5 forbedre datagrunnlaget p\u00e5 nasjonalt niv\u00e5. Det ble utviklet en modell i beregningsverkt\u00f8yet [http://www.datakustik.com/en/products/cadnaa CadnaA] som kan brukes videre bl.a. til \u00e5 generere st\u00f8ysonekart iht. [http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/md/dok/lover_regler/retningslinjer/2005/t-1442-stoy-i-arealplanlegging.html?id=278741 T-1442] og [http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/md/td-20040601-0931-011.html strategisk st\u00f8ykartlegging]. Kartleggingen ble gjort p\u00e5 bakgrunn av trafikktall fra 2009 og representerer dermed situasjonen dette \u00e5ret.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Resultater fra Jernbaneverkets kartlegging er vist i <xr id="tab:antall_pers" /> og <xr id="tab:kartleggingsresultater" />. Totalt antall personer med ''L''<sub>''p'',A,24h</sub> >55 dB er ansl\u00e5tt til ca. 61 000.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:antall_pers"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Estimert antall personer i intervaller av ''L''<sub>''p'',A24h</sub> utend\u00f8rs 2009.</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! ''L''<sub>''p'',A,24h</sub> ute !! 50\u201355 !! 55\u201360 !! 60\u201365 !! 65\u201370 !! 70\u201375 !! >75</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| antall personer || 59 893 || 35 490 || 19 634 || 4 647 || 1 225 || 141</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:kartleggingsresultater"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Antall bygninger med ''L''<sub>''p'',A,24h</sub> utend\u00f8rs, beregnet som frittfeltverdi i fasadeplanet.</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Nr !! Fylke !! 40\u201345 !! 45\u201350 !! 50\u201355 !! 55\u201360 !! 60\u201365 !! 65\u201370 !! 70\u201375 !! 75\u201380 !! 80\u201385 !! 85\u201390</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 1||\u00d8stfold||2 767||3 661||1 794||813||526||227||14||1||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 2||Akershus||4 497||8 176||6 020||3 312||1827||811||148||12||2||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 3||Oslo||1 821||2 742||1 856||1 104||576||209||120||41||3||1</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 4||Hedmark||2 340||3 523||2 259||1 130||685||303||49||6||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 5||Oppland||1 850||2 471||1 511||827||451||142||14||||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 6||Buskerud||3 895||5 442||3 355||1 823||1 042||293||39||3||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 7||Vestfold||1 017||1 815||1 188||545||425||126||10||2||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 8||Telemark||857||1 047||714||342||248||45||1||||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 9||Aust-Agder||138||236||158||73||31||3||||||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 10||Vest-Agder||591||890||739||394||173||34||1||||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 11||Rogaland||1 022||1 234||665||380||225||72||1||||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 12||Hordaland||729||1 043||618||338||199||80||24||||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 14||Sogn og Fjordane||21||41||20||8||2||||||||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 15||M\u00f8re og Romsdal||115||108||75||73||6||1||||||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 16||S\u00f8r-Tr\u00f8ndelag||1 942||2 700||1 655||817||481||54||1||||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 17||Nord-Tr\u00f8ndelag||1 613||2 456|| 1 303||593||261||35||1||||||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 18||Nordland|| 2 096 || 2 689 || 1 445 || 684 || 148 || 11 || 1 || || ||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| '''Sum''' || || '''27 311''' || '''40 274''' || '''25 375''' || '''13 256''' || '''7 304''' || '''2 448''' || '''424''' || '''65''' || '''5''' || '''1'''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== St\u00f8yplageindeks (SPI) ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Jernbaneverket bruker st\u00f8yplageindeks (SPI) som m\u00e5l p\u00e5 st\u00f8yplage fra jernbane. Denne indeksen beregnes ut fra ''gjennomsnittlig plagegrad'' (GP) knyttet til\u00a0 utend\u00f8rs lydniv\u00e5 per kilde slik at de som er utsatt for h\u00f8ye niv\u00e5er blir vektet mer enn de som er utsatt for lavere.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ligningene for generell plagegrad er basert p\u00e5 Miedema[ref] og senere tilpassing av SINTEF og Klif. <xr id="fig:GP-kurver" /> viser kurve for generell plagegrad for ulike kilder. For jernbane beregnes generell plagegrad som</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><math>\\text{GP} = 1.58 (\\text{L}_{\\text{den}}-45.4) [%]</math><br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">der L<sub>den</sub> er frittfelt dag- kveld- nattniv\u00e5 i fasadeplanet.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">SPI beregnes ved \u00e5 multiplisere antall bosatte per bolig med GP for den aktuelle boligens lydniv\u00e5. Merk at ligningen over gir GP i prosent slik at SPI beregnes som</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><math>\\text{SPI} = \\frac{\\text{GP}\\cdot n_{\\text{personer}}}{100}</math></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">SPI er en indeks og har f\u00f8lgelig ingen benevning. Hvis man likevel skal gi en forklaring p\u00e5 hva tallet beskriver, s\u00e5 er det antall personer som er 100 % plaget. For jernbane vil det si antall personer utsatt for ca. L<sub>den</sub> 85 dB.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I 2010 var SPI for jernbane ca. 21 500.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Erfaringer med strukturlyd ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Overf\u00f8ring av vibrasjoner fra jernbane til boliger er et tema som har f\u00e5tt s\u00e6rlig oppmerksomhet de siste 15\u201320 \u00e5rene. Det var f\u00f8rst i forbindelse med prosjekteringen av Gardermobanen at problematikken ble tatt opp i full bredde i Norge. I senere tid har det ogs\u00e5 blitt gjort utredninger i forbindelse med utbyggigngen av Askerbanen. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:struktur_vs_luftlyd"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_7_strukturlyd_vs_luftlyd.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Viktige frekvensomr\u00e5der for strukturlyd og luftlyd.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Strukturlyd sees ofte i sammenheng med luftlydbidrag til innend\u00f8rsniv\u00e5 p\u00e5 \u00e5pne strekninger. For tunneler og l\u00f8sninger med \u00ablokk\u00bb vil strukturlyd ofte alene virke inn p\u00e5 utbredelse av st\u00f8y i bygninger og rom. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Eksempel'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Jernbane under lokk og i tunnel gir situasjoner hvor den strukturoverf\u00f8rte st\u00f8yen fra skinnegangen vanligvis betyr mer enn den luftoverf\u00f8rte, og da s\u00e6rlig oppover i bygget. Uten tiltak kan man i lokksituasjoner f\u00e5 maksniv\u00e5er opp i over 60 dB i de nederste etasjene, og over 50 dB lenger oppover i bygget.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:lokk_og_tunneler"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_8_lokk_og_tunneler.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner fra jernbanen under lokk og i tunnel i fjell.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Vibrasjonsproblemets omfang ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Vibrasjoner som problem ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det finnes enkeltst\u00e5ende unders\u00f8kelser av vibrasjonsniv\u00e5er i mark og bygninger i Norden, men ikke noen systematisk kartlegging av problemomfang. I Sverige er det gjennomf\u00f8rt feltunders\u00f8kelser av sjenansemessige forhold for kombinasjonen jernbanest\u00f8y og vibrasjoner.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I likhet med st\u00f8y fra togtrafikken gir heller ikke vibrasjonene fysiologiske skader. Men de kan oppleves som forstyrrende og ubehagelige, og som konsekvens gi psykologiske og andre helseproblemer.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Fysiologiske effekter'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Selv om vibrasjonene fra togtrafikk ikke gir direkte skader for mennesker som oppholder seg i bygninger n\u00e6r bane, kan de bidra til \u00e5 forsterke stressreaksjoner som gir \u00f8kt hjerteaktivitet, h\u00f8yere puls, raskere \u00e5ndedrett og \u00f8kning i hormonproduksjon.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Psykologiske effekter'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Vibrasjonene kan virke forstyrrende p\u00e5 forskjellige m\u00e5ter. De kan gi s\u00f8vnproblemer (vekking, s\u00f8vnkvalitet og vansker med innsovning), konsentrasjonsvansker, eller bare en allmenn f\u00f8lelse av tretthet. Reaksjonene er sv\u00e6rt person- og situasjonsavhengig.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det m\u00e5 forventes at vibrasjonene blir oppfattet som en klar ulempe n\u00e5r de opptrer flere ganger i timen og har styrke over 0,3\u20130,6 mm/s (se [[St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner#Grenseverdier for vibrasjoner|avsnitt om NS 8176]]). Kombinasjonen av vibrasjoner og st\u00f8y medf\u00f8rer at sjenansen kan bli vesentlig, selv ved lavere vibrasjonsniv\u00e5. Det samme gjelder dersom bevegelsene skaper klirre- eller skranglelyder i bygningsdetaljer eller innbo.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Unders\u00f8kelsene har vist at det er stor uklarhet omkring hvordan et tog i bevegelse for\u00e5rsaker lavfrekvente vibrasjoner i bakken. Slike vibrasjoner er dominerende p\u00e5 bl\u00f8t og middels fast grunn. For de kj\u00f8rehastigheter som er aktuelle for tog i Norge i dag og i rimelig tid fremover, er mekanismen ganske komplisert. Lavfrekvente vibrasjoner for jernbanetrafikk p\u00e5 bane p\u00e5 bl\u00f8t grunn oppst\u00e5r ved en virkningsmekanisme som f\u00f8lger:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">De lavfrekvente vibrasjonene skyldes at de statiske lastene fra hvert toghjul beveger seg. Dynamiske komponenter i hjullastene er av underordnet betydning. Hvert hjul som flytter seg langs banen sender for hver posisjon ut vibrasjoner i bakken. Disse blir imidlertid n\u00e6r motvirket av vibrasjoner som hjulet sender ut fra alle de andre posisjonene det kj\u00f8rer gjennom. Er banen helt kontinuerlig og bakken perfekt homogen, blir motvirkningen total. Da blir det ingen vibrasjoner, bare en kvasistatisk deformasjon som f\u00f8lger toget. Punktvis opplagring av skinnen, inhomogeniteter i banen og undergrunnen, vibrasjonsreflekterende flater i grunnen, etc., resulterer imidlertid i at det blir gjenv\u00e6rende vibrasjoner.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Vibrasjonenes konsekvenser for bygninger og utstyr ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Vibrasjoner kan p\u00e5virke bygninger slik at skader oppst\u00e5r. Det er ikke mulig \u00e5 angi n\u00f8yaktig ved hvilket vibrasjonsniv\u00e5 dette skjer. Dette avhenger bl.a. av frekvens, konstruksjon, materialbruk, bygningsfundament og tilstand. Vibrasjoner fra jernbanetrafikk gir normalt sett ikke skader p\u00e5 bygning. Man kan imidlertid ikke utelukke en viss risiko for bygninger n\u00e6r bane med mye eller tung trafikk, der grunnforholdene er d\u00e5rlige eller ustabile. Spesielt b\u00f8r oppmerksomheten rettes mot eldre bygninger, ved flytting av bane n\u00e6rmere bygning, vesentlig endring av trafikkforholdene (h\u00f8yere fart, tyngre tog, flere tog osv.), og ved reduksjon av vedlikeholdsstandard langs spor og p\u00e5 rullende materiell.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:NGI_vibrasjoner"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_9_NGI_vibrasjoner.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Forventede vibrasjoner i boliger ved Lindeberg. Forskjell mellom ulike togtyper.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I noen tilfeller kan det v\u00e6re aktuelt \u00e5 vibrasjonsisolere gulv eller utstyr i bygninger der f\u00f8lsomme instrumenter og presisjonsutstyr eller lignende brukes.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Opplevelse av vibrasjoner ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Togtrafikken skaper markbevegelser i frekvensomr\u00e5det ca. 1\u2013100 Hz. De h\u00f8yeste frekvensene dempes lett gjennom bane, grunn og bygning, mens vibrasjonene i frekvensomr\u00e5det 10\u201350 Hz ofte forsterkes av bygningresonanser, og blir dominerende innend\u00f8rs. Styrken av vibrasjonene m\u00e5les enten som effektivverdien av utsving (mm), hastighet (mm/s) eller akselerasjon (mm/s<sup>2</sup>). Effektivverdien kalles ofte RMS, og er en middelverdi m\u00e5lt over 0,1\u20131 sekund. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sammenhengen\u00a0 mellom disse enhetene er:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><math>a = 2\\pi\\cdot f \\cdot v</math><br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><math>v = 2\\pi\\cdot f \\cdot s</math></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">der <math>a</math> er akselerasjon, <math>f</math> er frekvens, <math>v</math> er hastighet og <math>s</math> er utsving.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">F\u00f8lelseterskelen for mennesker er ca. 0,1\u20130,3 mm/s i frekvensomr\u00e5det 10\u2013100 Hz. Svakere vibrasjoner enn dette vil normalt ikke bli oppfattet.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Effektivverdien eller \u00abstyrken\u00bb av vibrasjonene som blir skapt av trafikken varierer over tid og n\u00e5r en topp hver gang toget passerer. Selv om vibrasjonene fra et enkelt tog kan v\u00e6re f\u00f8lbare, beh\u00f8ver de ikke n\u00f8dvendigvis skape vesentlige ulemper dersom passeringene bare skjer en sjelden gang. B\u00e5de styrke og antall hendelser m\u00e5 derfor v\u00e6re kjent dersom det skal v\u00e6re mulig \u00e5 vurdere omfanget av ulempene. Dette kan gj\u00f8res ved at en langtids middelverdi av vibrasjonene brukes som m\u00e5leenhet, som et supplement til effektivverdien i passerings\u00f8yeblikket (maksimalverdien), p\u00e5 samme m\u00e5te som for st\u00f8y.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Virkningskurver for grad av plage'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Personer reagerer forskjellig p\u00e5 vibrasjoner i bolig. Samtidig finnes det en klar sammenheng mellom styrken av vibrasjoner og hvor mange som reagerer p\u00e5 dem. Denne sammenhengen kan beregnes og tegnes ut i form av virkningskurver. Virkningskurver for plage i <xr id="fig:vibrasjonsplage" /> viser ulik grad av plage i en befolkning ved en gitt vibrasjonsbelastning (fra NS 8176). </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Statistiske analyser har vist at vibrasjonsvirkninger fra ulike transportkilder (veitrafikk, jernbane og t-bane/trikk) er de samme ved en gitt vibrasjonsbelastning. Virkningskurvene som er vist i dette tillegget, skiller derfor ikke mellom ulike vibrasjonskilder. Kurvene viser den gjennomsnittlige virkningen i befolkningen, og det fremkommer s\u00e5ledes ikke fra kurvene at spesielle grupper kan v\u00e6re mer f\u00f8lsomme for vibrasjoner, eller utsatt for flere milj\u00f8belastninger.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:vibrasjonsplage"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_10_vibrasjonsplage.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Prosentandel personer med ulik grad av plage av vibrasjoner i bolig, plottet mot beregnet statistisk maksimalverdi for veid hastighet, ''v<sub>w'',95</sub> i mm/s.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small>Tegnforklaringer<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1 Merker vibrasjoner<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">2 Meget, en del og litt plaget av vibrasjoner<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">3 Meget og en del plaget av vibrasjoner<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">4 Meget plaget av vibrasjoner</small></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fra virkningskurvene i figur 5.10 fremg\u00e5r det eksempelvis at ca. 10 % av personene er meget plaget av vibrasjoner i bolig ved en vibrasjonsbelastning, ''v<sub>w'',95</sub> p\u00e5 0,5 mm/s. Totalt vil ca. 40 % v\u00e6re plaget (dvs. andelen meget, en del og litt plaget) ved denne vibrasjonsverdien. Kurvene er stiplet under 0,1 mm/s p\u00e5 grunn av at det er usikkerhet i befolkingsrespons ved lave vibrasjonsverdier n\u00e6r f\u00f8leterskel.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Kombinasjon av st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner, feltunders\u00f8kelser ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Generelt'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I mange tilfeller erfarer man i forbindelse med vibrasjoner i bygninger, at det samtidig forekommer lavfrekvent st\u00f8y, og at innbo, vinduer og bilder osv. rister. Summen av slike samlede virkninger av st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner vil sannsynligvis utgj\u00f8re den totale\u00a0 plagen for beboerne. Hvis man bed\u00f8mmer reaksjoner kun ut fra m\u00e5lte vibrasjoner, vil den totale\u00a0 plagen kunne bli underestimert. Til i dag har man internasjonalt ikke kommet fram til noen metode for m\u00e5ling eller evaluering av den totale\u00a0 plage der samlede virkninger er inkludert.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Sammenhenger mellom plager p\u00e5 grunn av st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I vurdering av reaksjoner p\u00e5 grunn av vibrasjoner i bygninger er st\u00f8y en viktig parameter, som i tillegg til vibrasjonene, vil p\u00e5virke den totale plage, og man b\u00f8r alltid ta begge forhold i betraktning. Det er gjennomf\u00f8rt en del laboratorieunders\u00f8kelser og sosiologiske feltunders\u00f8kelser om samlede virkninger av st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner. Resultatene fra unders\u00f8kelsene avviker noe fra hverandre, men noen hovedkonklusjoner kan trekkes og er oppsummert i det f\u00f8lgende.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sammenheng mellom samlede virkninger av st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner avhengig av om det er st\u00f8y eller vibrasjoner som dominerer: </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* st\u00f8y vil dominere sjenanseopplevelsen hvis vibrasjonene er moderate og st\u00f8yen er kraftig</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* vibrasjoner vil dominere sjenanseopplevelsen hvis vibrasjonene er kraftige og st\u00f8yen er moderat</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* for andre kombinasjoner av vibrasjoner og st\u00f8y er det mer usikkert om st\u00f8yen eller vibrasjonene er den mest dominerende kilden for opplevelse av plage eller sjenanse. Det er likevel p\u00e5vist at vibrasjoner oppleves som mer forstyrrende, n\u00e5r det samtidig forekommer st\u00f8yp\u00e5virkning.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">P\u00e5 steder med midlere eller lave vibrasjonsverdier (tilsvarende klasse C eller bedre), og h\u00f8ye innend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5er, vil st\u00f8y v\u00e6re den dominerende plagen for beboerne. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">P\u00e5 steder med kraftige vibrasjoner (h\u00f8yere enn klasse C) kan i mange tilfeller vibrasjoner v\u00e6re den dominerende plagen. Den totale plagen vil v\u00e6re betydelig h\u00f8yere enn tilsvarende total plage p\u00e5 steder med samme st\u00f8yniv\u00e5, men lave vibrasjoner.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hvis en bygning eksempelvis st\u00f8yskjermes eller fasadeisoleres slik at man har lave st\u00f8yniv\u00e5er innend\u00f8rs, vil man p\u00e5 steder der det er h\u00f8ye vibrasjoner, ikke oppn\u00e5 s\u00e6rlig reduksjon i den totale plagen p\u00e5 grunn av virkninger av vibrasjoner. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I Sverige er det foretatt en st\u00f8rre sp\u00f8rreunders\u00f8kelser vedr\u00f8rende folks oppfatning av st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konklusjonene av unders\u00f8kelsene er:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* ''L''<sub>eq</sub> er av betydning ved lave vibrasjoner</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* St\u00f8rrelsen p\u00e5 ''L''<sub>max</sub> er av betydning ved kraftige vibrasjoner</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:maksstoy_og_vibrasjoner"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_11_maksstoy_og_vibrasjoner.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Forholdet mellom p\u00e5virkning av maksimalst\u00f8y og vibrasjoner, Sverige 1994.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Unders\u00f8kelsene viser videre at folk opplever forstyrrelsene som st\u00f8rre ved samtidig p\u00e5virkning av st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner. Boligkonstruksjon og grunnforhold er imidlertid sv\u00e6rt avgj\u00f8rende for st\u00f8rrelsen p\u00e5 st\u00f8y- og vibrasjonsniv\u00e5ene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">= Grenseverdier og forskrifter =\u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Teknisk spesifikasjon for interoperabilitet (TSI) p\u00e5 det transeuropeiske jernbanenettet har en [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_037/l_03720060208en00010049.pdf del om st\u00f8y fra rullende materiell (TSI st\u00f8y)]. Denne TSI-en gir grenseverdier for st\u00f8yemisjon fra nytt og vesentlig opprustet materiell. Disse reglene gjelder EU og E\u00d8S og dermed ogs\u00e5 i Norge. Det er s\u00e5 langt ingen internasjonale grenseverdier, eller anbefalte s\u00e5danne, som gjelder spesielt for strukturlyd og vibrasjoner. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">De fleste land har nasjonale grenseverdier som f.eks. brukes ved planlegging av nye baner og utbyggingsomr\u00e5der ved bane.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Der hvor grenseverdier for jernbane eksisterer er disse gjennomg\u00e5ende 5 dB lavere enn tilsvarende verdier for st\u00f8y fra vegtrafikk. Det foreg\u00e5r imidlertid en diskusjon i flere land om dette er riktig for d\u00f8gnekvivalente st\u00f8yniv\u00e5er under 60 dB, se [[St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner#Grenseverdier i andre europeiske land|avsnitt om grenseverdier i andre europeiske land]].</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Forskrifter for jernbanest\u00f8y, eksisterende anlegg ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For eksisterende baner gjelder [http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/md/xd-20040601-0931.html#map008 forurensningsforskriftens kapittel 5]. Dette kapitlet tr\u00e5dte i kraft 1.1.2005 og er en videref\u00f8ring av \u00abForskrift om grenseverdier for lokal luftforurensning og st\u00f8y\u00bb fra 1997. Grenseverdiene for st\u00f8y fra eksisterende anlegg er imidlertid de samme.\u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Forskriften krever tiltak p\u00e5 de boliger hvor innend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 (''L<sub>p'',A,24h</sub>) er over 42 dB i gjennomsnitt over d\u00f8gnet. Det skal videre foretas kartlegging av boliger ber\u00f8rt av st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 over 35 dB innend\u00f8rs. Kartleggingen skal oppdateres hvert femte \u00e5r. For status av kartlegging av jernbanest\u00f8y knyttet til denne forskriften, se [St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner#Kartlegging av jernbanest\u00f8y|avsnitt om kartlegging].</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Grenseverdier for jernbanest\u00f8y, nyanlegg ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/MD/Vedlegg/Retningslinjer/T-1442.pdf Milj\u00f8verndepartementets retningslinje for behandling av st\u00f8y i arealplanlegging (T-1442)] ble fastsatt av Milj\u00f8verndepartementet 26.1.2005. Retningslinjen gjelder utend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yforhold ved planlegging av de viktigste st\u00f8ykildene i ytre milj\u00f8, og arealbruken i st\u00f8yutsatte omr\u00e5der. Siden T-1442 er en ''retningslinje'' er den ikke hjemlet i noen lov og dermed heller ikke juridisk bindende i seg selv. For at grenseverdiene skal gjelde, m\u00e5 retningslinjen legges til grunn i f.eks. en reguleringsplan. Det som st\u00e5r i reguleringsplanen er juridisk bindende med hjemmel i plan- og bygningsloven. <xr id="tab:t-1442_1" /> viser grenseverdiene som anbefales av retningslinjen for nye anlegg.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:t-1442_1"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Anbefalte grenseverdier for st\u00f8y, T-1442, som benyttes for nye anlegg.</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="100" | St\u00f8ykilde</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="150" | St\u00f8yniv\u00e5 p\u00e5 uteplass og utenfor rom med st\u00f8yf\u00f8lsom bruk</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="150" | St\u00f8yniv\u00e5 utenfor soverom, natt kl. 23\u201307</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | Veg|| 55 L<sub>den</sub>\u00a0 || 70 L<sub>5AF</sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | Jernbane || 58 L<sub>den</sub> || 75 L<sub>5AF</sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | Flyplass || 52 L<sub>den</sub> || 80 L<sub>5AS</sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | Industri, havner og terminaler || Uten impulslyd: 55 L<sub>den</sub><br />Med impulslyd: 50 L<sub>den</sub><br /> || 45 L<sub>night</sub>, 60 L<sub>5AF</sub> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For oppf\u00f8ring av nybygg med st\u00f8yf\u00f8lsomt bruksform\u00e5l n\u00e6r eksisterende st\u00f8ykilde anbefales de samme utend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5ene som for nye anlegg. I tillegg vises det til [http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/kr/tr-19970122-0033-016.html#8-42 teknisk forskrift til plan- og bygningsloven (TEK)]. TEK angir funksjonskrav for lydniv\u00e5er i forbindelse med utend\u00f8rs kilder. Selve forskriften og veiledningen tallfester ingen grenseverdier, men man anser at funksjonskravene er tilfredsstilt n\u00e5r man f\u00f8lger anbefalte grenseverdier i [http://www.standard.no/no/Nyheter-og-produkter/Vaare-kampanjer/Bygg-anlegg-og-eiendom/NS-8175--lydklassifisering/ NS 8175, Lydforhold i bygninger. Lydklasser for ulike bygningstyper]. Standarden beskriver de ulike lydklassene som f\u00f8lgende:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''klasse A:''' Tilsvarer lydmessig spesielt gode forhold hvor ber\u00f8rte personer kun unntaksvis blir forstyrret av lyd og st\u00f8y. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''klasse B:''' Tilsvarer tydelig bedre lydforhold enn de minste krav som er gitt i klasse C, og betraktes som god lydstandard. Ber\u00f8rte personer kan bli forstyrret av lyd og st\u00f8y til en viss grad. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''klasse C:''' Angir de grenseverdier for nybygde hus som tilsvarer intensjoner for minstekrav i byggeforskrift. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small>MERKNAD: Inntil 20 % av ber\u00f8rte personer i boliger kan forventes \u00e5 bli forstyrret av lyd og st\u00f8y.</small></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''klasse D:''' Angir grenseverdier for eldre bygninger som ofte oppn\u00e5s i praksis ved rehabilitering. Tilfredsstiller ikke byggeforskriftenes krav til byggemeldingspliktige arbeider. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small>MERKNAD: En stor andel av personer kan forventes \u00e5 bli forstyrret av lyd og st\u00f8y i boliger av klasse D, og ved rehabilitering b\u00f8r de minste kravene til byggeforskriften etter klasse C etterstrebes, men klasse D kan brukes der det er vanskelig \u00e5 oppn\u00e5 krav i klasse C.</small> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For nye boliger er minstekravet '''klasse C'''. <xr id="tab:NS8175" /> viser grenseverdier for lydklassene for boliger.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:NS8175"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Lydklasser for boliger</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="130" | Type brukeromr\u00e5de</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="100" | M\u00e5lest\u00f8rrelse</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | Klasse A</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | Klasse B</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | Klasse C</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | Klasse D</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" rowspan="2" | I oppholds- og soverom || ''L''<sub>''p'',A24h</sub>\u00a0 || 20 || 25 || 30 || 35</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|- </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''L''<sub>''p'',AFmax</sub>\u00a0 || 22 || 27 || 32 || 37</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== St\u00f8ysonekart ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Med unntak for bygge- og anleggsvirksomhet innf\u00f8rer retningslinjen soner som metode for \u00e5 beskrive st\u00f8ybelastning i utsatte omr\u00e5der. Intensjonen med slike soner er \u00e5 f\u00e5 en enhetlig beskrivelse og mer koordinert vurdering av st\u00f8y p\u00e5 tvers av kilder. Dette skal gi kommunene et verkt\u00f8y i arealplanleggingen, slik at man kan redusere st\u00f8yproblemene over tid. St\u00f8ykildeeierne forventes \u00e5 hjelpe kommunene i arbeidet ved \u00e5 utarbeide kart som viser st\u00f8yen fra deres virksomhet.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kartene skal fremstille to st\u00f8ysoner:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*r\u00f8d sone, n\u00e6rmest st\u00f8ykilden, angir et omr\u00e5de som ikke er egnet til st\u00f8yf\u00f8lsomme bruksform\u00e5l, og etablering av ny st\u00f8yf\u00f8lsom bebyggelse skal unng\u00e5s</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">*gul sone er en vurderingssone, hvor st\u00f8yf\u00f8lsom bebyggelse kan oppf\u00f8res dersom avb\u00f8tende tiltak gir tilfredsstillende st\u00f8yforhold.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Grensene for sonene er avhengig av b\u00e5de d\u00f8gnekvivalent st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 og maksimalverdier i nattperioden. <xr id="tab:t-1442_2" /> viser kriteriene for soneinndeling. St\u00f8ysonekartet b\u00f8r vise n\u00e5v\u00e6rende st\u00f8ysituasjon samt en prognose 10\u201320 \u00e5r fram i tid. <xr id</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">"fig:t-1442_eks" /> viser et eksempel p\u00e5 hvordan et st\u00f8ysonekart med r\u00f8d og gul sone kan se ut.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">"tab:t-1442_2"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">"wikitable" style</ins>=<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">"text-align: center;"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Grenseverdier for gul og r\u00f8d sone iht. T-1442.</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="100" rowspan="3" | St\u00f8ykilde</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! colspan="4" | St\u00f8ysone</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! colspan="2" | Gul sone</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! colspan="2" | R\u00f8d sone</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| scope="col" width="120" | Utend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| scope="col" width="120" | Utend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5, natt kl. 23\u201307</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| scope="col" width="120" | Utend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| scope="col" width="120" | Utend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5, natt kl. 23\u201307</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | Veg || 55 L<sub>den</sub>\u00a0 || 70 L<sub>5AF</sub> || 65 L<sub>den</sub>\u00a0 || 85 L<sub>5AF</sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | Jernbane || 58 L<sub>den</sub> || 75 L<sub>5AF</sub> || 68 L<sub>den</sub> || 90 L<sub>5AF</sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | Flyplass || 52 L<sub>den</sub> || 80 L<sub>5AS</sub> || 62 L<sub>den</sub> || 90 L<sub>5AS</sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | Industri, havner og terminaler || Uten impulslyd: 55 L<sub>den</sub><br />Med impulslyd: 50 L<sub>den</sub><br /> || 45 L<sub>night</sub>, 60 L<sub>5AF</sub> || Uten impulslyd: 65 L<sub>den</sub><br />Med impulslyd: 60 L<sub>den</sub><br /> || 55 L<sub>night</sub>, 80 L<sub>5AF</sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:t-1442_eks"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:stoysonekart.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Eksempel p\u00e5 st\u00f8ysonekart med r\u00f8d og gul sone.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== St\u00f8y i anleggsperioden ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8y i forbindelse med bygge- og anleggsvirksomhet skiller seg fra st\u00f8y fra ordin\u00e6r trafikk p\u00e5 flere m\u00e5ter og har derfor egne anbefalte grenser og praksis for hvordan det skal h\u00e5ndteres.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Noe av det viktigste ved h\u00e5ndtering av st\u00f8y i anleggsperioden er \u00e5 varsle naboer i god tid og med rikelig informasjon om arbeidene som skal skje. Tid, sted og ikke minst hva som gj\u00f8res og hvorfor samt hvilke st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 det f\u00f8rer med seg er informasjon som det anbefales \u00e5 f\u00e5 med i nabovarselet. Erfaring viser at antall klager p\u00e5 st\u00f8y reduseres betraktelig dersom naboene er varslet p\u00e5 forh\u00e5nd.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I de tilfellene der det ikke er praktisk mulig \u00e5 overholde grenseverdiene for anleggsst\u00f8y b\u00f8r naboer f\u00e5 tilbud om alternativt oppholdssted (p\u00e5 hotell el.). En del velger likevel \u00e5 avsl\u00e5 et slikt tilbud og blir v\u00e6rende i hjemmet selv om det er h\u00f8ye st\u00f8yniv\u00e5er utenfor.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Grenseverdier i andre europeiske land ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I de ulike europeiske landene er unders\u00f8kelser av st\u00f8yp\u00e5virkning v\u00e6rt et hjelpemiddel til bestemmelse av st\u00f8ygrenser. Definerte st\u00f8yniv\u00e5er med antatt kjent virkning (f.eks. i form av antall sterkt plagede personer) danner grunnlaget for grenseverdiene. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Resultatet er fastsatte grenseverdier i enkelte land eller anbefalte grenseverdier i andre land. Dette gjelder for st\u00f8y fra b\u00e5de flytrafikk, vegtrafikk og jernbane.\u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For jernbanest\u00f8y er de spesifikke grenseverdier p\u00e5virket av flere faktorer, bl.a.:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Sp\u00f8rreunders\u00f8kelser viser at opplevelsen av ellers like st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 varierer fra omr\u00e5de til omr\u00e5de avhengig av lokale faktorer innvirker p\u00e5 resultatene. Ordlyden i sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5lene er ogs\u00e5 viktig ved sammenligning av disse.\u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* De fleste studier av jernbanest\u00f8y viser at gradvis h\u00f8yere st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 gir gradvis \u00f8kning i andelen personer sterkt plaget av st\u00f8y. Det er med dette vanskelig \u00e5 definere en kritisk st\u00f8yverdi. Dette medf\u00f8rer at hver nasjon velger sin egen standard eller anbefalte st\u00f8ygrense.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Enkelte standarder eller anbefalte grenser baserer seg p\u00e5 \u00abakseptable\u00bb st\u00f8ygrenser. Andre nasjoner foretrekker verdier som aldri b\u00f8r overskrides.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Studier omkring vegtrafikkst\u00f8y har v\u00e6rt mere omfattende enn studier om jernbanest\u00f8y. I en rekke land har grenseverdiene i retningslinjer og forskrifter for vegtrafikkst\u00f8y v\u00e6rt utgangspunktet for grenseverdier for jernbanetrafikk. Det er ofte gitt en 5 dB \u00abbonus\u00bb for jernbanest\u00f8y grunnet st\u00f8rre aksept av denne ved ellers samme niv\u00e5.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Enkelte land foretrekker bruk av lydniv\u00e5er inkludert fasaderefleksjon (1\u20132 m fra bygningens fasade) i grenseverdier eller som anbefalte verdier, andre benytter frittfeltsverdier. Forskjellen mellom disse er omlag 3 dB. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er allmenn enighet om at standarder eller anbefalte verdier skal uttrykkes i ekvivalente verdier (d\u00f8gnekvivalent eller periodebasert p\u00e5 timer for f.eks dag-, kveld-, nattekvivalente perioder). De fleste studier viser at ekvivalente verdier korrelerer rimelig bra med folks opplevelse av st\u00f8yniv\u00e5ene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Grenseverdier for strukturlyd og vibrasjoner ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Grenseverdier strukturlyd ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det eksisterer ikke forskrifter eller retningslinjer for strukturlydniv\u00e5 fra veg eller jernbane. Her gjelder derfor i utgangspunktet de samme grensene som luftlyd gjennom fasader.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8ykilder som man ikke kan se passere, sjenerer vanligvis mer enn dem som man kan se. St\u00f8y fra tunneler/lokk kan derfor v\u00e6re et problem selv om de generelle st\u00f8ykravene er overholdt. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I rom som vender ut mot banen, vil vanligvis luftlydoverf\u00f8ringen gi h\u00f8yere st\u00f8yniv\u00e5er enn strukturlydoverf\u00f8ringen. Grenseverdien for innend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 gjelder her for summen av luftlyd og strukturlyd. Tidligere studier om st\u00f8yforholdene i for eksempel Gamlebyen, Oslo, har konkludert med at n\u00e5r ved ekvivalent st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 p\u00e5 35 dB, kan man neglisjere bidrag fra strukturst\u00f8y i rom ut mot banen. N\u00e5r ekvivalentniv\u00e5et er nede p\u00e5 30 dB, m\u00e5 man imidlertid ta med bidraget fra strukturst\u00f8y. Hvis man skal overholde grensen p\u00e5 30 dB, m\u00e5 det ofte gjennomf\u00f8res strukturst\u00f8yreduserende tiltak.\u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Her er anbefalt for trafikk fra kulverter og tunneler brukt de samme grenseverdier for maksimalt A-veid lydtrykkniv\u00e5 ''L''<sub>''p'',AFmax</sub> i sove- og oppholdsrom som for tekniske installasjoner gitt i NS 8175, se <xr id="tab:NS8175" />.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hvilke grenseverdier som skal benyttes avtales mellom utbygger (bolig- eller baneutbygger) og den aktuell kommune.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Grenseverdier for vibrasjoner ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>[http://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">standard.no/no/Sok-og-kjop/produktkatalogen/Produktpresentasjon/?ProductID=135258 NS 8176 Vibrasjoner og st\u00f8t \u2013 M\u00e5linger i bygninger av vibrasjoner fra landbasert samferdsel og bed\u00f8mmelse av vibrasjonsp\u00e5virkning p\u00e5 mennesker] angir fire vibrasjonsklasser basert p\u00e5 ulik grad av opplevd plage eller forstyrrelse p\u00e5 tilsvarende m\u00e5te som for st\u00f8y i NS 8175.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">NS 8176 fastsetter ogs\u00e5 en m\u00e5lemetode for vibrasjoner i bygninger for\u00e5rsaket av landbasert samferdsel (vei- og skinneg\u00e5ende trafikk), samt kriterier for bed\u00f8mmelse av helkroppsvibrasjoner i boliger. Standarden er laget for bruk i relasjon til plan- og bygningsloven, samt helselovgivningen og er en videref\u00f8ring og tilpasning av de generelle kriteriene for bed\u00f8mmelse av vibrasjoner etter NS-ISO 2631-1:1985 og 2631-2:1994. Den gjelder ikke vibrasjonskilder i tilknytning til bygg og anlegg, industri, sprengninger, o.l., men inkluderer trafikk til og fra bygg- og anleggsplasser. Standarden gjelder ikke for vurdering av skader p\u00e5 byggverk og konstruksjoner p\u00e5 grunn av vibrasjoner.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:NS8176"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Veiledende klasseinndeling for boliger med h\u00f8yeste grenseverdier av statistisk maksimalverdi for veid hastighet ''v''<sub>''w'',95</sub> eller akselerasjon ''a''<sub>''w'',95</sub>.</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="130" | Type vibrasjonsverdi</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="100" | M\u00e5lest\u00f8rrelse</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | Klasse A</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | Klasse B</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | Klasse C</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! scope="col" width="80" | Klasse D</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | Statistisk maksimalverdi for veid hastighet || ''v''<sub>''w'',95</sub> [mm/s] || 0,1 || 0,15 || 0,3|| 0,6</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | Statistisk maksimalverdi for veid akselerasjon || ''a''<sub>''w'',95</sub> [mm/s<sup>2</sup>] || 3,6 || 5,4 || 11 || 21</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Veiledende vibrasjonsklasser'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Statistisk maksimalverdi for veid hastighet eller akselerasjon skal ikke overskride grenseverdiene gitt i <xr id="tab:NS8176" />. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''klasse A:''' Tilsvarer vibrasjonsmessig meget gode forhold hvor personer kun unntaksvis vil kunne merke vibrasjoner.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small>MERKNAD : Personer i boliger av klasse A kan normalt ikke forventes \u00e5 merke vibrasjoner.</small></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''klasse B:''' Tilsvarer vibrasjonsmessig relativt gode forhold.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small>MERKNAD: Personer i boliger kan til en viss grad forventes \u00e5 bli plaget av vibrasjoner.</small></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''klasse C:''' Tilsvarer anbefalt grenseverdi for vibrasjoner i nye boliger og i forbindelse med planlegging og bygging av nye samferdselsanlegg. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small>MERKNAD: Ca. 15 % av ber\u00f8rte personer i boliger kan forventes \u00e5 bli plaget av vibrasjoner.</small> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''klasse D:''' Tilsvarer vibrasjonsforhold som b\u00f8r oppn\u00e5s for eksisterende boligbebyggelse. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small>MERKNAD: Ca. 25 % av personer kan forventes \u00e5 bli plaget av vibrasjoner i boliger av klasse D. Kravene i klasse C b\u00f8r etterstrebes, men klasse D kan brukes der kostnytte-forhold gj\u00f8r det urimelig \u00e5 kreve klasse C.</small></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">= Kilder til luftlyd/st\u00f8y, samt strukturlyd og vibrasjoner =</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Generelt ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8y stammer som tidligere nevnt i hovedsak fra kontakten mellom skinne og hjul. Kvalitet p\u00e5 skinnegang/hjul har derfor stor betydning for luftoverf\u00f8rt st\u00f8y. I tillegg til denne st\u00f8yen f\u00e5r man ogs\u00e5 overf\u00f8rt strukturlyd. N\u00e5r togene passerer, vil det overf\u00f8res vibrasjoner fra hjulene ned i skinnene, og videre via sviller og ballast ned i grunnen. Vibrasjonene\u00a0 forplantes bort til kjelleryttervegg, kjellergulv\u00a0 og fundamenter, og videre inn i bygningen, der det avstr\u00e5les st\u00f8y. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Disse tre potensielle sjenansekomponentene m\u00e5 skilles og behandles enkeltvis, b\u00e5de i forhold til mulig forstyrrelse og behov for reduserende tiltak. Til slutt m\u00e5 de sees i sammenheng for \u00e5 bed\u00f8mme total ulempe og prioritere valg av tiltak. For beskrivelse av tiltak, se [[St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner#Tiltak mot jernbanest\u00f8y|Tiltak mot jernbanest\u00f8y]].</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Hovedkilder til luftlyd ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Luftlyd, st\u00f8y, genereres i hovedsak ved f\u00f8lgende hendelser/aktiviteter :</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">hjul og skinner \u2013 rullest\u00f8y</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Det dominerende bidraget til st\u00f8y er for\u00e5rsaket av ber\u00f8ringspunktet mellom hjul og skinner - rullest\u00f8y. Sm\u00e5 ujevnheter skaper vibrasjoner i disse komponentene og kraftig lydavstr\u00e5ling.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* St\u00f8y str\u00e5ler ut fra b\u00e5de hjul og skinner, og begge komponenter kan skjermes.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Ved passering av eller kj\u00f8ring i avvik ved sporveksler.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Jernbanebruer, spesielt st\u00e5lbruer uten ballast.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Motorer og vifter. Spesielt gjelder dette dieseldrevet materiell.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Ved h\u00f8ye hastigheter (> 270 km/t) skapes sterke virvelstr\u00f8mmer i luften, vi f\u00e5r aerodynamisk st\u00f8y (vindst\u00f8y). Kontaktledningsanlegg er vanskelig \u00e5 skjerme og kan gi betydelig bidrag.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* P\u00e5 godsomr\u00e5der/skiftestasjoner opptrer spesiell st\u00f8y n\u00e5r last og jernbanevogner h\u00e5ndteres/flyttes (sammenst\u00f8t, bremsesystem i skinnegangen, hjulbremsing, kurvehyl, dieselmotorer, vifter/kompressorer mv.).</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== St\u00f8yavstr\u00e5ling fra kontaktflate mellom skinne og hjul ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Utallige unders\u00f8kelser av jernbanest\u00f8yens opphav viser at lydavstr\u00e5ling fra hjul og skinne/sville spiller en helt avgj\u00f8rende rolle for det totale lydbildet.\u00a0 Denne avstr\u00e5lingen for\u00e5rsakes av ujevnheter p\u00e5 kontaktflaten mellom hjul og skinne, som i neste omgang skaper vibrasjoner i disse komponentene.\u00a0 Hjulene er vanligvis godt isolert fra vognkonstruksjonen, skinnene er delvis isolert fra svillene, som igjen er godt isolert fra marken p.g.a. ballasten, i de fleste tilfeller. Hjul, skinne har relativt lav vekt i forhold til de kreftene som overf\u00f8res i kontaktpunktet mellom skinne og hjul.\u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dersom skinnen var helt flat og hjulet helt rundt, ville skinne/sville bare bli trykt ned av togets vekt under passeringen.\u00a0 Men overflateujevnheter, gir i tillegg variasjon i den kraftoverf\u00f8ringen som skjer under hvert enkelt hjul. Det hele kompliseres bl.a. ved at skinnene bare er \u00abpunktvis\u00bb opplagret p\u00e5 sviller, ballastens og markens egenskaper varierer langs sporet, og togets totalvekt fordeles ujevnt p\u00e5 hjulene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">B\u00e5de ujevnhetens amplitude og b\u00f8lgelengde er avgj\u00f8rende for lydavstr\u00e5lingen. B\u00f8lgelengder fra ca. 10-20 mm til ca. 80-100 mm er viktigst (kj\u00f8refart mindre enn ca. 200 km/t). Ujevnhetene trenger ikke \u00e5 ha en regelmessig karakter for \u00e5 gi st\u00f8y (rifler, riller e.l.). Ujevnhetenes amplitude er helt avgj\u00f8rende for hvilke dynamiske krefter som skapes, og det er i utgangspunktet like viktig om de finnes p\u00e5 skinne eller p\u00e5 hjul.\u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hjulslag gir en vesentlig \u00f8kning i skinne/hjul st\u00f8y langs hele banen, og er trolig den viktigste grunnen til at det m\u00e5les en forskjell p\u00e5 inntil ca. 15 dB i A-veid lydtrykkniv\u00e5 mellom de mest stilleg\u00e5ende og mest st\u00f8yende tog av samme type (m\u00e5linger gjort p\u00e5 type 69). Mye tyder p\u00e5 at hjulslag i tillegg skaper ujevnheter p\u00e5 skinneoverflaten som i neste omgang gir en st\u00f8y\u00f8kning for alle togpasseringene. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Utvikling av ujevnheter p\u00e5 hjul er sterkt avhengig av type bremsesystem, se [[St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner#St\u00f8y fra godstog|avsnitt om bremseklosser for godstog]].</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hoved\u00e5rsaken til st\u00f8ygenereringen fra skinneg\u00e5ende trafikk er at vibrasjoner som oppst\u00e5r p\u00e5 grunn av ujevnheter i skinne og hjul gir st\u00f8yavstr\u00e5ling. Det avstr\u00e5les st\u00f8y f\u00f8rst og fremst fra hjul og skinne, men ogs\u00e5 avstr\u00e5ling fra svillene kan ha betydning. St\u00f8yen som genereres er relativt h\u00f8yfrekvent. Man regner at st\u00f8yavstr\u00e5ling fra skinnene har st\u00f8rst betydning i frekvensomr\u00e5det i oktavene 250 til 1000 Hz, mens avstr\u00e5ling fra hjulene ligger noe h\u00f8yere, i omr\u00e5det 500\u20134000 Hz. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:delbidrag"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_13_delbidrag.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Eksempel p\u00e5 st\u00f8ybidrag fra komponenter som hjul, skinne og sville ved togpassering av ordin\u00e6rt passasjertog.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8y- og vibrasjonsniv\u00e5 er avhengig flere forhold som togtyper, hastigheter, hjul- og skinnekvalitet, svilletyper, undergrunn etc.. N\u00e5r det gjelder hjul og skinne som st\u00f8ykilde er det lite som tyder p\u00e5 at hjul og skinne b\u00f8r behandles ulikt. Jevnhet/ruhet p\u00e5 b\u00e5de hjul og skinne er komponenter som genererer st\u00f8y. Kombinasjonen av \u00abglatte skinner\u00bb og runde hjul kan redusere st\u00f8yen betraktelig.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:hjul-skinne"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_14_hjul-skinne.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Rullest\u00f8yen fra hjul og skinne/sville dominerer over andre st\u00f8ykilder fra gods- og passasjertog i vanlig togtrafikk. Kurvehyl kan opptre ved R < 500 m.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Drivenhet og vogner ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lydavstr\u00e5lingen fra lokomotiver og motorvogner inkluderer lydbidrag fra motor, generator, kj\u00f8levifte, eksosanlegg, pantograf, o.l. som kommer i tillegg til hjul/skinne lyden. For de fleste norske tog er \u00abdriftsbidraget\u00bb s\u00e5 pass lite at det ikke har praktisk betydning for st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et n\u00e5r toget er i bevegelse. For lange tog med ett lokomotiv vil lydavstr\u00e5lingen fra drivenheten ha liten innvirkning\u00a0 p\u00e5 ekvivalentniv\u00e5et. For de fleste togtyper vil dessuten drivenhetens bidrag v\u00e6re inkludert i emisjonsverdien som benyttes i beregningsmetoden. Viktige unntak er drivenheter med dieseldrift (lavfrekvent delbidrag er grovt inkludert i beregnet ekvivalentniv\u00e5) og effekten av st\u00f8yende kj\u00f8leanlegg, \u00abbremsegenerator\u00bb, e.l. som ikke er inkludert i beregningsmetoden. I de tidligere nevnte st\u00f8ykartlegginger (knyttet til forurensningsforskriften og nasjonale m\u00e5l for st\u00f8y) vil sannsynligvis heller ikke disse faktorene p\u00e5virke antallet st\u00f8yutsatte i de ulike ekvivalentniv\u00e5klassene i s\u00e6rlig grad.\u00a0 Men, i og med at de kan gi seg utslag i h\u00f8yere maksimalt lydtrykkniv\u00e5, lavfrekvent lyd og/eller rene tonebidrag, ville de trolig for\u00e5rsake en viss \u00f8kning i antall personer sterkt plaget av jernbanest\u00f8y, i en mer finmasket unders\u00f8kelse.\u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">D\u00f8gnekvivalent lydniv\u00e5 inkluderer lydbidrag fra hele togpasseringen, dvs. hele den aktuelle banestrekningen, for hver togtype. Trafikken kan s\u00e5ledes betrakes som en linjekilde, selv i det ekstreme tilfellet n\u00e5r bare er et enkelt lokomotiv passerer. Linjekildens lengde bestemmes i praksis av hvilken del av sporet som bidrar vesentlig til lydniv\u00e5et. Det er normalt ikke n\u00f8dvendig \u00e5 ta med sporstrekning i tunnel, skj\u00e6ring o.l. dersom hoveddelen av sporet ligger uskjermet.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Bremsesystem ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Type bremsesystem er av stor betydning n\u00e5r det gjelder slitasje p\u00e5 hjul (og skinne). Klossbremser med st\u00f8pejernsklosser som g\u00e5r direkte p\u00e5 hjulbanen har f.eks. stor innvirkning p\u00e5 slitasje og ruhet p\u00e5 hjul og skinne. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bremsesystem som best\u00e5r av skivebremser p\u00e5 alle hjul, samt \u00abpusseklosser\u00bb p\u00e5 drivhjul/styrevogner (renser/pusser hjulbanen for materiale og sm\u00e5 ujevnheter, slik at god friksjon mellom hjulbane og skinnehode oppn\u00e5s) reduserer ujevnheter i hjuloverflaten. Dette resulterer i en jevnere hjuloverflate p\u00e5 sikt, og som er mindre utsatt for utvikling av ujevnheter/ruhet i s\u00e5 vel hjul som for skinnen.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== St\u00f8y fra sporveksler ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sporveksler er ofte en st\u00f8ykilde for omgivelsene. Skinnekrysset i sporvekslene bidrar til \u00e5 \u00f8ke st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et, spesielt med tanke maksimalt st\u00f8yniv\u00e5. Kj\u00f8ring gjennom sporvekslene for\u00e5rsaker ogs\u00e5 vibrasjoner i grunnen. I en konvensjonell sporveksel m\u00e5 det ene vognhjulet kj\u00f8re over et \u00abskinnel\u00f8st\u00bb parti ved sporkrysset. Dette medf\u00f8rer st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner. Mulig avb\u00f8tende tiltak vil v\u00e6re bytte av sporkryss til sporveksel med bevegelig kryss. Det skinnel\u00f8se partiet unng\u00e5s, slik at vognhjulet alltid kj\u00f8rer p\u00e5 skinne.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Konstruksjoner som st\u00f8ykilde (bruer, kulverter etc.) ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konstruksjoner som st\u00e5lbruer, betongbruer, kulverter mv. er komponenter som endrer st\u00f8yforholdene p\u00e5 det enkelte omr\u00e5de. Spesielt genererer st\u00e5lbruer uten ballast mye st\u00f8y. Det p\u00e5g\u00e5r i flere land unders\u00f8kelser av st\u00f8y- og vibrasjonsforhold knyttet til st\u00e5l- og betongkonstruksjoner. Unders\u00f8kelser i Sverige viser at f.eks. st\u00e5lbruer uten ballast i gjennomsnitt har 6 dB h\u00f8yere st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 enn betongbruer.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:bruer"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Eksempel p\u00e5 st\u00f8y fra ulike brukonstruksjoner</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|- </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Type bru !! <center>\u00d8kning i st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 i forhold til nornalt banefundament</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|| Betongbru || <center>+ 1 dB</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|| St\u00e5lbru med ballast og ballastmatter || <center>- 3 til + 2 dB</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|| St\u00e5lbru uten ballast || <center>+5 til +15 dB</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|| St\u00e5lbru med ballast || <center>Opptil + 5 dB</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:hjulabsorbenter"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_15_stoy_fra_bru.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Typisk st\u00f8yutbredelse fra st\u00e5lbrukonstruksjon med 6 dB h\u00f8yere utgangsniv\u00e5 enn banen for \u00f8vrig (unders\u00f8kelse i Sverige).</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== H\u00f8yhastighetstog og baner ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">H\u00f8yhastighetstog genererer mindre st\u00f8y enn konvensjonelle tog. Mye av \u00e5rsaken til at h\u00f8yhastighetstogene f\u00e5r en betydelig st\u00f8yreduksjon er bedre boggiesystemer med radialstyrte aksler, samt rulleegenskaper, aerodynamisk utforming, kombinert med hjuldempere mv. Dette gir betydelig mindre dynamiske krefter til skinnegangen, og dermed ogs\u00e5 mindre st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er en forskjell p\u00e5 8 dB i maksimalniv\u00e5 fra drivenheten mellom 1.- og 3.-generasjon h\u00f8yhastighetstog i Frankrike, TGV. Man har oppn\u00e5dd reduksjonen som f\u00f8lge av utvikling av hjulkonstruksjon og banefundament, og en videre reduksjon p\u00e5 5 dB er oppn\u00e5dd som f\u00f8lge av aerodynamisk utforming av materiellet.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8yspekteret fra h\u00f8yhastighetstogene er betydelig mer h\u00f8yfrekvent enn fra vanlige tog, det er grunn til \u00e5 tro at dette ogs\u00e5 vil gjelde strukturst\u00f8yspekteret. Dette kan inneb\u00e6re at strukturst\u00f8yen blir enklere \u00e5 vibrasjonsisolere. Imidlertid kan kravene til stabil skinnegang f\u00f8re til at man m\u00e5 v\u00e6re konservativ n\u00e5r det gjelder vibrasjonisoleringen av skinnegangen. Disse forhold kan oppveie hverandre.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:hoyhastighetstog"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_16_hoyhastighetstog.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Typiske st\u00f8ykilder ved h\u00f8yhastighetstog.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Betydning av h\u00f8yhastighetsbane'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ved baner med h\u00f8yere hastigheter vil banekonstrukjson og sporvedlikehold v\u00e6re bedre enn for \u00f8vrige baner. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For h\u00f8yhastighetsbaner bidrar ogs\u00e5 materiellets og kontaktledningsanleggets (pantografens) utforming til det totale st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et. Aerodynamiske forhold gj\u00f8r seg stort sett gjeldende for hastigheter over ca. 270 km/t.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:h\u00f8yhastighetsm\u00e5linger"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Resultater fra m\u00e5linger av st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 (bidrag i oktavb\u00e5nd, dB) i ulike kildeh\u00f8yder fra h\u00f8yhastighetsbaner i Tyskland.</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! rowspan=2 | f <br />[Hz] </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! rowspan=2 | H\u00f8yde <br />[m] </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! colspan=3 | Togets hastighet</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! 200 km/h !! 250 km/h !! 300 km/h</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! 125 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 2,1 || 105 || 110 || 114</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! 250</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 1,7 || 113 || 116 || 120</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! rowspan=2 |500</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u00a01,0 || 116 || 119 || 123</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|- </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">||\u00a04,4 || 108\u00a0|| 110 || 116</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|- </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! rowspan=3 |1000</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,7 || 123 || 125 || 125</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 2,6 || - ||\u00a0116 || 123</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 4,4 || - || 112 || 120</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|- </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! rowspan=3 |2000</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| -0,1 || 123 || 124 || 128</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 1,8 || 119 || 119 || 123</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 4,9 || 113 || 113 || 117</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== St\u00f8y fra godstog ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8y fra godstrafikk betraktes ofte som en separat st\u00f8ykilde. Dette skyldes i hovedsak forhold som ulik utforming av godsmateriell og persontogmateriell, togsammenkoblinger, bremsesystem, kj\u00f8rem\u00e5ter etc.. I mange europeiske land benyttes ogs\u00e5 egne banestrekninger til godstransport, bl.a. som f\u00f8lge av tonnasje/aksellast, kj\u00f8refart, frekvens, st\u00f8yforhold mv.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konkurransen innenfor godstransportsektoren er hard. Mye trafikk skjer om natten, i \u00f8kende mengde og med st\u00f8rre fart enn tidligere. Lavt st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 er en viktig faktor i konkurransen mellom ulike transportformer. St\u00f8yen kan mest effektivt reduseres med tiltak p\u00e5 hjul og skinne. Rullest\u00f8yen fra hjul og skinne dominerer over andre st\u00f8ykilder p\u00e5 gods- og passasjertog i vanlig rutetrafikk. St\u00f8y- og vibrasjonshensyn, sammen med \u00f8nske om bedre drifts- og vedlikeholdsrutiner, gj\u00f8r det aktuelt med en viss revurdering av utforming av vognkasse, hjul, boggi, bremsesystem, skinner og banefundament. Godsvogner bruker i hovedsak tre \u00abhjulsystem\u00bb, alle utstyrt med klossbremser. Klossbremser har driftsfordeler, men gir ujevn hjuloverflate og mye rullest\u00f8y i normal drift. Skivebremser har st\u00f8ymessige fordeler, men er mer kostbare og tyngre enn klossbremser.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For kj\u00f8refart omkring 100 km/t er st\u00f8ybidraget fra hjul og skinne omtrent like. For lavere hastigheter er skinnebidraget marginalt h\u00f8yere, for st\u00f8rre fart dominerer hjulbidraget. Lydavstr\u00e5ling fra sville er bare viktig for frekvenser under ca. 400 Hz. Skinnebidraget dominerer for ca. 400 - 1200 Hz og hjul over ca. 1200 Hz. Lydbidraget fra vognkassen er potensielt mer viktig for skjermet enn for uskjermet spor.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:delbidrag2"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_17_delbidrag2.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>St\u00f8yutstr\u00e5ling fra de ulike komponenter fra typiske togpasseringer.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Egenskaper ved st\u00f8y fra jernbaneterminaler ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Karakteristisk for terminalst\u00f8y er at den er stadig vekslende, skrikende og impulsiv. St\u00f8y fra kj\u00f8rende lokomotiver med eller uten vogner for\u00e5rsaker kurveskrik, akselerasjonsst\u00f8y med rusing av motor, st\u00f8y fra oppbremsing med hvin fra bremser og bufferst\u00f8t. Spesielt for terminaler har v\u00e6rt st\u00f8y fra stoppesko og skinnebremser. Typisk er ogs\u00e5 st\u00f8y fra tekniske installasjoner som vifter, kompressorer med st\u00f8tvis utslipp av trykkluft, kj\u00f8leaggregater og bruk av h\u00f8yttalere og varselsignaler. P\u00e5 terminalomr\u00e5der oppst\u00e5r dessuten st\u00f8y fra lasteaktiviteter, for eksempel opplasting av grus, pukk, skrapjern osv, og st\u00f8y fra lastemaskiner/trucker og lastebiler, spesielt l\u00f8fting og transport av containere.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8y fra passerende tog gir ofte de h\u00f8yeste maksimalniv\u00e5ene, mens st\u00f8y fra skifteaktiviteter og lasting/lossing bidrar mest til totalst\u00f8yen for de fleste terminalene. Enkelte steder hvor det er kort avstand til passerende togspor og stor togtrafikk gir passerende tog st\u00f8rst bidrag til d\u00f8gnekvivalent niv\u00e5. St\u00f8yutviklingen forventes der i store trekk \u00e5 f\u00f8lge utviklingen av st\u00f8y fra ordin\u00e6r togtrafikk.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Forhold som for\u00e5rsaker strukturlyd og vibrasjoner ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Jernbanetrafikk for\u00e5rsaker dynamiske og kvasistatiske bevegelser som kan resultere i vibrasjoner og strukturlyd. Strukturlyd betraktes som den delen av h\u00f8rbar lyd innend\u00f8rs som utstr\u00e5les som f\u00f8lge av vibrasjoner i gulv og vegger. Vibrasjoner er de f\u00f8lbare svingningene som f\u00f8lge av trafikk p\u00e5 f.eks.\u00a0 n\u00e6rliggende jernbanespor.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Vibrasjoner opptrer som forskjellige b\u00f8lgetyper med ulike forplantningsegenskaper. De kan opptre b\u00e5de vertikalt og horisontalt (i ulike retninger) eller som kombinasjoner av disse bevegelsene. I bygninger vil ofte vertikalbevegelsene v\u00e6re viktigst.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Tog i ordin\u00e6r trafikk langs en bane skaper svingninger i skinne, sviller og ballast som forplantes gjennom mark til n\u00e6rliggende bygninger og konstruksjoner. I mange tilfeller vil luftlydbidraget (\u00abtogst\u00f8yen\u00bb) v\u00e6re hovedproblemet for mennesker som bor tett ved en bane. Men vibrasjonene kan bli dimensjonerende for sjenanse og forstyrrelse n\u00e5r:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Bane og bygninger er fundamentert p\u00e5 bl\u00f8te l\u00f8smasser (spesielt leire)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Skinne- og hjuloverflate er ujevn pga. d\u00e5rlig vedlikehold</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Fundamentering og grunnforhold er d\u00e5rlige eller varierende</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Det finnes sporveksler, skinneskj\u00f8ter eller lignende p\u00e5 strekningen, eller brukonstruksjoner uten ballast (evt. for lite ballast)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Bygninger plasseres over bane, og har felles fundament med bane </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I Norge og Sverige er forholdene spesielle pga. store forekomster av bl\u00f8t leire som er meget ugunstig i vibrasjonssammenheng.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:strukturlyd_og_vib"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_18_strukturlyd_og_vib.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Viktige faktorer som virker inn p\u00e5 strukturlyd og vibrasjoner.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== De viktigste faktorene som bestemmer vibrasjonene ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Togtype, antall tog, hjulkvalitet og hastighet'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Vibrasjonene \u00f8ker med kj\u00f8rehastigheten. Korte og lette tog gir mindre vibrasjoner enn lange og tunge tog. Vibrasjonene fra et passerende tog varer noen sekunder, avhengig av toglende og fart. Antall tog vil v\u00e6re viktig for hvor vidt vibrasjonene oppfattes som uakseptable eller ikke. Trolig vil antall passeringer p\u00e5 kveldstid og om natten ha avgj\u00f8rende betydning. Hjulkvaliteten p\u00e5 det enkelte tog er ogs\u00e5 av betydning for de krefter og rystelser man f\u00e5r i banekonstruksjonen.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Baneoppbygning og kvalitet'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Moderne, tung baneoppbygning av kvalitetssteinmasser reduserer vibrasjonene i forhold til eldre, lettere oppbygning av masser med lavere kvalitet. H\u00f8ye fyllinger reduserer vibrasjonene. Dype skj\u00e6ringer kan ogs\u00e5 gi reduksjon.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Grunnforhold og avstand'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Grunnforholdene har betydning for hvor kraftig vibrasjonene blir, og hvor raskt de avtar med avstand fra banen. Bl\u00f8t leire er vibrasjonsmessig mest ugunstig. Fastere leire, og i enda st\u00f8rre grad sand, gir lavere vibrasjoner som dessuten avtar raskere med avstanden. P\u00e5 fjellgrunn er vibrasjoner fra jernbanen vanligvis ikke noe problem. Tele kan gi noe sesongmessig variasjon i vibrasjonene, men effekten er ikke konsekvent fra sted til sted.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Avstand fra banen'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Vibrasjonene avtar relativt raskt i styrke med \u00f8kende avstand mellom bane og bygning. Maksimalniv\u00e5 ved togpassering, reduseres til litt under halvparten n\u00e5r avstand fordobles og dominerende frekvensomr\u00e5de ligger omkring 10 Hz. Reduksjonen blir st\u00f8rre n\u00e5r dominerende frekvens er h\u00f8yere, noe avhengig av grunnforhold.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Bygningens egenskaper'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Vibrasjonene fra bakken vil vanligvis bli forsterket i bygninger. Som oftest er vibrasjonene kraftigst midt i det lengste gulvspennet, og \u00f8ker oppover i etasjene. Vibrasjonene midt p\u00e5 gulvet i beboelsesrom i \u00f8verste etasje anses oftest som m\u00e5lgivende for vibrasjonene i huset, med tanke p\u00e5 sjenanse for beboerne.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Vibrasjoner ved bl\u00f8t grunn fra tog i h\u00f8yere hastigheter ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I Sverige er det de siste \u00e5rene gjennomf\u00f8rt vibrasjonsm\u00e5linger ved ulike hastigheter p\u00e5 bl\u00f8t grunn. Ved hastigheter over 200 km/t medf\u00f8rer den bl\u00f8te grunnen store svingninger. Bevegelsene har ved h\u00f8yere hastigheter medf\u00f8rt svingninger i banekomponenter (kontaktledningsmaster, kontakttr\u00e5d mv.) som bl.a. har medf\u00f8rt problemer med str\u00f8mtilf\u00f8rsel til togene. Hastighetene m\u00e5tte reduseres p\u00e5 partiene med bl\u00f8t grunn, i p\u00e5vente av iverksettelse av vibrasjonsreduserende tiltak. Det kan forventes at man p\u00e5 enkelte strekninger ogs\u00e5 i Norge vil kunne finnes bl\u00f8t grunn som medf\u00f8rer tilsvarende svingninger ved h\u00f8ye hastigheter.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:vib_blot_grunn"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_19_vibrasjoner_blot_grunn.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Svingninger og vibrasjoner ved ulike hastigheter p\u00e5 bl\u00f8t grunn. M\u00e5linger foretatt p\u00e5 strekninger mellom G\u00f8teborg og Malm\u00f8, Vestkystlinjen i Sverige.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">= M\u00e5ling og beregning av st\u00f8y =</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== M\u00e5ling av st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">En oppsummering av forhold knyttet til m\u00e5ling av st\u00f8y, strukturlyd og vibrasjoner vil v\u00e6re:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* m\u00e5linger er kostbart</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* m\u00e5linger fanger ikke opp fremtidig situasjoner\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* m\u00e5leresultatene er avhengig av:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">** metoder (ulike metoder i mange land)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">** for luftlyd: temperatur- og vindforhold</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">** for strukturlyd og vibrasjoner: grunnforhold, baneoppbygning</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">** skinnekvalitet</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">** m\u00e5leperiodens lengde</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">** trafikkmengden passert i m\u00e5leperioden</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er derfor i de fleste situasjoner mer praktiskt \u00e5 foreta vurderinger av omfang av problematikken og behov for avb\u00f8tende tiltak ved \u00e5 gj\u00f8re beregninger.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== M\u00e5lemetode for jernbanest\u00f8y ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det finnes en internasjonal standard for m\u00e5ling av ekstern st\u00f8yemisjon fra jernbane: [http://www.iso</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=41669 ISO 3095:2005, Measurement of noise emitted by railbound vehicles]. M\u00e5linger skal ved bruk av denne metoden foretas p\u00e5 25 m fra senterlinje spor, 3,5 m over skinnetopp, samt under gitte v\u00e6r, vind og baneforhold. Dokumentet behandler typetesting av rullende materiell i konstant hastighet, stasjon\u00e6r tilstand og under akselerasjon.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I 2010 ble det utgitt en ny norsk standard for m\u00e5ling av st\u00f8y fra skinneg\u00e5ende trafikk, [http://www.standard.no/no/Sok-og-kjop/produktkatalogen/Produktpresentasjon/?ProductID=436100 NS 8177 Akustikk \u2013 M\u00e5ling av lydtrykkniv\u00e5 fra togtrafikk], som gir en m\u00e5lemetode for \u00e5 bestemme st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 ved mottaker (immisjonsm\u00e5linger). Standarden er basert p\u00e5 bl.a. [http://www.standard.no/no/Sok-og-kjop/produktkatalogen/Produktpresentasjon/?ProductID=299301 NS 8174 for vegtrafikk]. M\u00e5linger gjort etter denne standarden kan brukes til kontrollm\u00e5linger for sammenligning med grenseverdier i ulike [[St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner#Grenseverdier og forskrifter|regelverk]].</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:stoymaling_ICE"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_20_stoymaling_ICE.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Eksempel p\u00e5 resultat fra st\u00f8ym\u00e5ling av ICE-tog (200 km/t) fra Tyskland.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">De fleste instrumenter for lydm\u00e5ling har innebygget reaksjonstid eller tidskonstant som betegnes \u00abSLOW\u00bb, \u00abFAST\u00bb, \u00abIMPULSE\u00bb eller \u00abPEAK\u00bb. Denne tidskonstanten bestemmer hvor raskt instrumentet skal reagere p\u00e5 st\u00f8yen. Ved m\u00e5ling av lyder med kraftige og hurtige niv\u00e5variasjoner er valg av tidskonstant vesentlig. I alle forskrifter, retningslinjer mv. angis derfor hvilken tidskonstant som skal brukes.FAST brukes for eksempel ved m\u00e5ling av maksimalniv\u00e5er og kortvarige lyder, mens SLOW ofte har v\u00e6rt brukt for vedvarende lyder der niv\u00e5variasjonene er innenfor 3 dB, og er i stor grad erstattet av ekvivalentm\u00e5linger.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== M\u00e5ling av vibrasjoner ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I regi av Norges Byggstandardiseringsr\u00e5d er det gjennomf\u00f8rt en norsk unders\u00f8kelse i 14 boomr\u00e5der n\u00e5r det gjelder beboernes opplevelse av trafikkvibrasjoner i boligene. Samtidig er det beregnet vibrasjoner i boligene fra vegtrafikk, jernbane, T-bane eller trikk for hver av intervjustedene. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Unders\u00f8kelsen inng\u00e5r som bakgrunn for norsk standard, NS 8176, se [[St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner#Grenseverdier for vibrasjoner|avsnitt om grenseverdier for vibrasjoner]].</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== M\u00e5ling av strukturlyd ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Strukturlyd opptrer i rom som f\u00f8lge av rystelser, og da ofte sammen med bidrag fra luftoverf\u00f8rt lyd. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For m\u00e5ling av lydforhold i bygninger og rom, s\u00e5 gjelder, s\u00e5 ber\u00f8rer f\u00f8lgende strukturlyd:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [http://www.standard.no/no/Sok-og-kjop/produktkatalogen/Produktpresentasjon/?ProductID=370501 NS 8172] gjelder m\u00e5linger av lydniv\u00e5 fra tekniske installasjoner. M\u00e5linger av strukturlydoverf\u00f8rt st\u00f8y fra tekniske installasjoner ligner m\u00e5ling av strukturlyd fra skinneg\u00e5ende trafikk.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* NS 8175, Lydforhold i bygninger. Lydklasser for ulike bygningstyper, Lydklassifisering av ulike bygningstyper. Standarden har ikke konkrete m\u00e5leanvisninger, men har referanse til slike standarder. Europeiske (CEN) standarder som gjelder som norske standarder. Se [[St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner#Grenseverdier for jernbanest\u00f8y, nyanlegg|avsnitt om grenseverdier for jernbanest\u00f8y]]. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Beregningmodeller for luftlyd (st\u00f8y) ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Internasjonalt finnes det mange ulike beregningsmetoder for jernbanest\u00f8y. Ved en gjennomgang</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">av disse finnes f\u00f8lgende:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* hvert enkelt jernbaneselskap baserer sine beregningsmetoder p\u00e5 m\u00e5linger for sitt nasjonale togmateriell</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* kun de nordiske landene har felles metode. Enkelte land har flere beregningsmetoder for jernbanest\u00f8y</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* de ulike metodene har ikke samme basisgrunnlag</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* de aller fleste beregner A-veide niv\u00e5er</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* stor variasjon i resultatene av skjermeffekter.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Nordisk metode for togst\u00f8y (Nord96) ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I Norge benyttes revidert beregningsmetode for skinneg\u00e5ende trafikk (Nord96, utgitt av Nordisk Ministerr\u00e5d i 1996) som grunnlag for \u00e5 beregne st\u00f8y fra jernbane. Beregningsmetoden er implementert i kommersiell programvare for beregning av st\u00f8y. Jernbaneverket bruker beregningsverkt\u00f8yet [http://www.datakustik.com/en/products/cadnaa CadnaA] til st\u00f8yberegninger.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Metoden er gammel og forholdsvis enkel, men gir tilstrekkelig resultat for kartlegging p\u00e5 overordnet niv\u00e5. Det er heller ingen gode alternativer. Nyere metoder er krever mye datakraft, og det er vanskelig \u00e5 f\u00e5 gode nok inndata som trafikktall, hastigheter og sportilstand.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A-veid tidsmidlet lydtrykkniv\u00e5 fra jernbanetrafikk beregnes ved:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><math>L_{p,\\text{A,24h}} = L_{\\text{eq,24h}} = L_{\\text{ref}} +\u00a0 \\Delta L_c + \\Delta L_{\\alpha} + \\Delta L_f + \\Delta L</math></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Referanseverdi: A-veid d\u00f8gnekvivalent lydtrykkniv\u00e5 i referanseposisjon 10 m fra spormidt med togtypekorreksjon null, ''L''<small>ref0</small>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Verdien bestemmes n\u00e5r kj\u00f8refart og trafikkmengde er kjent, og gjelder for togtypekorreksjon = 0 dB. Det forutsettes helsveiset spor p\u00e5 betongsviller og vanlig pukkballast (regnet som myk mark). Trafikkmengden uttrykkes som totalt passerende toglengde pr. d\u00f8gn.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Togtypekorreksjon, \u2206''L''<small>t</small>, bestemmes for hver togtype</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Summasjon av bidrag fra alle togtyper, og gir sum referanseverdi, ''L''<small>ref</small>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Korreksjon for banemessige forhold, \u2206''L''<small>c</small>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Korreksjon for delstrekning, \u2206''L''<small>\u03b1</small>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Fasadekorreksjon, \u2206''L''<small>f</small>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Lydniv\u00e5reduksjon, \u2206''L'', mellom referanseposisjon og regneposisjon bestemmes for relevant geometri</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det gj\u00f8res et stor arbeid i EU for \u00e5 lage en felleseuropeisk beregningsmetode, Common Noise Assesment Methods in EU (CNOSSOS-EU), som skal brukes til bl.a. [http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/md/td-20040601-0931-011.html strategisk st\u00f8ykartlegging]. Metoden ventes \u00e5 v\u00e6re p\u00e5 plass om f\u00e5 \u00e5r og vil ogs\u00e5 bli tatt i bruk i Norge.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Togtypekorreksjoner ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Generelt'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Togtypekorreksjoner benyttes for \u00e5 sammenligne st\u00f8y generert fra de ulike togtyper. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Togtypekorreksjonene benyttes videre som supplement til m\u00e5ledata for de enkelte togtyper, hvor frekvensfordeling for de ulike hastigheter fremg\u00e5r. M\u00e5ledata for de fleste nordiske togtypene ligger inne i databasen i beregningsverkt\u00f8yene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hver togtype har sine karakteristiske lydavstr\u00e5lingsegenskaper som varierer med kj\u00f8rehastigheten. Lydavstr\u00e5lingen er avhengig av hjul og banemessige forhold. Ved bruk av m\u00e5ledata og togtypekorreksjoner forutsettes normalt godt vedlikehold av skinner og rullende materiell. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:SEL-verdier"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_22_SEL-verdier.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>SEL-verdier (Sound Exposure Level) for ulike togtyper i Norge, basert p\u00e5 m\u00e5linger i 1983 og i 1992\u201393.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Referanseverdi'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Referanseverdi er elektrisk drevet tog i fartsintervallet 30\u2013150 km/t. Denne verdien er basert p\u00e5 en rekke m\u00e5linger, og brukt som grunnlag i den opprinnelige nordisk beregningsmetoden for skinneg\u00e5ende st\u00f8y (1984). </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">N\u00e5r togtypekorreksjon skal oppgis gjelder f\u00f8lgende:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Det forutsettes generelt god vedlikeholdsstandard p\u00e5 hjul og skinner.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* \u2206''L''<sub>''t''</sub> = 0 dB skal brukes for elektrisk drevne tog i fartsintervallet 30\u2013150 km/t, dersom relevante m\u00e5ledata ikke finnes eller er mangelfulle. Verdien kan p\u00e5 tilsvarende m\u00e5te, men med noe st\u00f8rre usikkerhet, benyttes for norske dieseldrevne tog. Det forutsettes en vanlig god vedlikeholdsstandard p\u00e5 hjul og skinner.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* \u2206''L''<sub>''c''</sub> = 0 dB skal brukes for bane med helsveiste skinner p\u00e5 betongsviller p\u00e5 pukkballast. Det forutsettes normalt godt vedlikehold av skinner og rullende materiell.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">En oppsummering av togtypekorreksjoner er vist i figur under og tabell p\u00e5 neste side. Verdiene representerer en sammenligning mellom togtyper i SEL-niv\u00e5, dvs. st\u00f8yegenskaper ved like forhold som kj\u00f8rehastighet (80 km/t), lik toglengde (100 m tog), avstand 10 m fra senter spor mv. For variasjon av lydeffektniv\u00e5 ved ulike hastigheter skal korreksjonsverdier gitt i denne rapporten benyttes (a- og b-verdier). </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:togtypekorr"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_23_togtypekorr.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Togtypekorreksjoner for norske tog. Verdiene er bestemt gjennom m\u00e5linger.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For eksisterende materiell baserer togtypekorreksjonene seg p\u00e5 en rekke m\u00e5linger. For nyere materiell blir st\u00f8ym\u00e5linger ved typegodkjenninger lagt til grunn for vurdering av korreksjonene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dersom skinne- eller hjulkvalitet er noe mer ujevn enn vanlig kan korreksjoner foretas med verdier p\u00e5 1\u20133 dB. For spesielt d\u00e5rlig hul og/eller skinne b\u00f8r 4\u20136 dB benyttes som korreksjon. Likeledes kan banestrekninger med spesielt godt vedlikehold gi korreksjoner i st\u00f8rrelsesorden -1\u2013-3 dB. F\u00f8r bruk av slike korreksjoner, er det imidlertid n\u00f8dvendig \u00e5 kontrollere at korreksjon for vedlikeholdsstandard ikke alt er medregnet i togtypekorreksjon for det enkelte tog.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:bilde5.1"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:5.1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Nyere og eldre materiell har ulike st\u00f8yegenskaper. Her Type 73 (t.v.) og type 69.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Korreksjon for banemessige forhold'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Korreksjon for banemessige forhold og for delstrekninger kan f\u00f8lgende verdier brukes :</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{|</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|| Banestrekninger med skinneskj\u00f8ter || + 3 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|| 10 m banelengde for hver sporveksler\t|| + 6 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|| Banestrekning p\u00e5 bru uten ballast || + 6 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|| Banestrekning p\u00e5 bru med pukkballast\t|| + 3 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u00d8vrige korreksjon av st\u00f8yniv\u00e5, slik som korreksjon for delstrekning, terreng/markforhold, fasadekorreksjon mv. er beskrevet i rapporten \u00abNordisk beregningsmetode for jernbanest\u00f8y\u00bb.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Beregning av vibrasjoner fra togtrafikk ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er betydelig st\u00f8rre usikkerhet knyttet til beregninger av vibrasjoner fra veg og jernbane. Vibrasjoner fra tog forplanter seg bort til fundamentet til bygningen og opp i bygningselementene. For personer som oppholder seg i huset, kan vibrasjonene v\u00e6re sjenerende hvis de er av en viss st\u00f8rrelse.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det finnes tunge beregningsmetoder for vibrasjonsforplantning. Disse krever omfattende inngangsdata, bl.a. fra grunnboringer, for \u00e5 gi rimelig p\u00e5litelige resultater.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">M\u00e5linger benyttes ofte for \u00e5 bestemme vibrasjonsniv\u00e5 ved eksisterende bane. Ved planlegging av ny bane, benyttes ofte andre vibrasjonskilder enn tog, og markens overf\u00f8ringsegenskaper registreres for p\u00e5f\u00f8lgende beregninger med kjente kildedata for tog. Forskjellig type boliger, grunnforhold kan simuleres. Registerer grunnforhold, type bygninger, banestandard, trafikkfordeling, hastighet \u2013 alt knyttet opp mot m\u00e5ledata som passer til det enkelte prosjekt.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Beregning av strukturlyd i boliger ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Forventet strukturlyd er i f\u00f8rste rekke avhengig av:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* grunnforhold</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* togtype</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* toghastighet</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* avstand fra sporet</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* baneoppbygning og kvalitet</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* dynamiske forsterkninger i hus/bygning</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dette er alle parametere som m\u00e5 vurderes n\u00e5r strukturlydniv\u00e5 skal beregnes.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det finnes internasjonale empiriske metoder der man kan g\u00e5 inn i diagrammer og f\u00e5 ut vibrasjonsniv\u00e5 p\u00e5 fjellet eller st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 i bygninger. Ofte kan man imidlertid f\u00e5 sikrere verdier ved \u00e5 basere seg p\u00e5 m\u00e5linger fra for eksempel norsk togmateriell og baneoppbygning, samt relevant type grunnforhold/fjell.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For bygninger som st\u00e5r direkte p\u00e5 fjell kan man ofte regne med samme vibrasjonsniv\u00e5 p\u00e5 gulvet som p\u00e5 fjellet utenfor. I tilfeller med uisolerte betonggulv stemmer dette rimelig bra i det aktuelle frekvensomr\u00e5det der man f\u00e5r strukturlydoverf\u00f8ring. For bygninger som st\u00e5r p\u00e5 l\u00f8smasser er situasjonen mer komplisert. Beregningsmessig vil man f\u00e5 betydelig vibrasjonsdemping ved overgangen fra fjell via l\u00f8smasser og opp i kjellergulv og fundamenter. Flere forhold spiller imidlertid inn, slik som grunnvannstand, t\u00f8rrskorpetykkelse og teleforhold mv.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Avstr\u00e5lt st\u00f8y fra vibrerende flate'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8yniv\u00e5, ''L''<sub>''p''</sub>, i et rom som skyldes avstr\u00e5ling fra gulvet med akselerasjonsniv\u00e5 ''L''<sub>''a''</sub> (dB re 10<sup>-6</sup> m/s<sup>2</sup>) kan beregnes av uttrykket:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><math>L_p = L_a - 20 \\log f + 20 \\log s + 10 \\log T - 10 \\log h + 24 </math> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Her er ''s'' gulvets str\u00e5lingsfaktor, som er et m\u00e5l for hvor effektivt gulvkonstruksjonen avstr\u00e5ler st\u00f8y. ''T'' er rommets etterklangstid, st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et blir lavere hvis rommet er godt dempet og dermed har kort etterklangstid. ''h'' er rommets h\u00f8yde, jo st\u00f8rre romh\u00f8yde jo lavere st\u00f8yniv\u00e5. Betonggulv gir mer effektiv str\u00e5ling enn tregulv.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">= Tiltak mot jernbanest\u00f8y =</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Generelt om tiltak mot st\u00f8y, strukturlyd og vibrasjoner ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ved vurdering av lydniv\u00e5er eller utbedringstiltak er det viktig \u00e5 v\u00e6re klar over at endring av lydniv\u00e5 h\u00f8res eller oppfattes som:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">1\u20132 dB\tknapt merkbart<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">3\u20134 dB\tmerkbart<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">5\u20137 dB\tbetydelig<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">8\u201310 dB\topplevd halvering</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">fordobling</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8yspekteret (frekvenssammensetningen) for de ulike st\u00f8ykilder (vegtrafikk, flytrafikk, jernbane mv.) er som regel ikke avhengig av lydniv\u00e5et. St\u00f8yspekteret er forskjellig b\u00e5de for de ulike kildene, men ogs\u00e5 avhengig av avstand fra kilde, hastighet, skjermingsforhold osv.. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Den viktigste st\u00f8y- og vibrasjonskilden er i kontaktpunktet mellom hjul og skinne. Det viktigste tiltaket mot st\u00f8y vil v\u00e6re \u00e5 bruke \u00abrunde hjul p\u00e5 flate skinner\u00bb, dvs. godt vedlikehold av hjul og skinner. Her vil forhold som knytter seg til h\u00f8yhastighetsbaner, uavhengig av st\u00f8yforhold, kreve h\u00f8y vedlikeholdsstandard av sikkerhetsmessige \u00e5rsaker, og dette virker positiv inn p\u00e5 st\u00f8y og rystelser, gjennom mindre krefter mellom banekomponentene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:svingninger"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fig5_25_svingninger.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Svingninger som oppst\u00e5r mellom hjul- og skinne ved togpasseringer.</caption></ins>]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Videre vil gode planleggingsrutiner, beregningsmetoder, kriterier o.l. v\u00e6re med p\u00e5 \u00e5 forbedre belastningen mot omgivelsene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lokale tiltak er ofte n\u00f8dvendig for \u00e5 redusere st\u00f8y, strukturlyd og vibrasjoner. Ved tiltak p\u00e5 materiell vil man imidlertid kunne f\u00e5 st\u00f8rre gevinst i form av reduksjon i st\u00f8y og rystelsesniv\u00e5er, da tiltak p\u00e5 materiell vil ha innvirkning p\u00e5 \u00aballe\u00bb strekninger som trafikkeres. Tiltak som for eksempel st\u00f8yskjermer har kun lokal effekt.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Tiltak mot luftlyd/st\u00f8y, en oversikt ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Under er gitt en kort oversikt over aktuelle tiltak for \u00e5 redusere st\u00f8y. De enkelte forhold og tiltak er n\u00e6rmere beskrevet i dette avsnittet.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Tiltak for \u00e5 redusere st\u00f8y kan deles i tre hovedomr\u00e5der:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Tiltak mot omgivelsene'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* gode planleggingsrutiner/tras\u00e9valg, planverkt\u00f8y, kriterier o.l.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">st\u00f8yskjermer (fokus p\u00e5: h\u00f8y akustisk effekt, redusere kostnader, sikkerhet og visuell effekt)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* st\u00f8yvoller/utforming av sideterreng</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* legge baner i tunnel </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* fasadetiltak (vinduer, fasadeutbedring, ventilasjon mv.)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Tiltak p\u00e5 infrastruktur:'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* skinnesliping</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* st\u00f8ysvake sporveksler</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* skinnestegsisolasjon</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* forbedret vedlikehold (skinnesliping, ballastrensing, sporjusteringer)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* befestigelse</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* sville- og ballasttyper</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* brukonstruksjoner</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* kurveradier over ''R'' > 300\u2013500 m</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* kjemisk behandling (sm\u00f8ring) av skinneoverflaten</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* ulik kombinasjon av hjul-/skinnemateriale</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Tiltak p\u00e5 materiell:'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* bedret vedlikehold av materiell (hjulkvalitet p\u00e5 person- og godsvogner)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* flenssm\u00f8ring</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* optimalisering av hjul</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* absorbenter</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* \u00abskj\u00f8rt\u00bb p\u00e5 vognmateriellet</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* bremsesystemer</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* ledende hjulkonstruksjoner</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* hastighetsreduksjon</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* reduksjon i trafikkmengde</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">En rekke av de nevnte forhold gjennomf\u00f8res for \u00e5 n\u00e5 de krav som settes til st\u00f8y fra rullende materiell.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Arealplanlegging, planverkt\u00f8y mv. ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mange av dagens st\u00f8yproblem og -ulemper har bakgrunn i manglende kunnskap og mangelfull planlegging. Hensiktsmessige virkemidler og god planlegging b\u00f8r for eksempel forhindre at det bygges boliger tett ved en sterk trafikkert bane, slik at eieren opplever at han f\u00e5r \u00f8delagt s\u00f8vnen, ikke kan f\u00f8re en normal samtale eller lytte til musikk og TV n\u00e5r togene passerer.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Planlegging har som m\u00e5l \u00e5 finne gode l\u00f8sninger som gj\u00f8r det mulig \u00e5 unng\u00e5 feil, konflikter og kostbare reparasjoner i ettertid. Uten en bevisst innsats fra offentlige myndighetene og baneforvaltningene vil det neppe v\u00e6re mulig \u00e5 etablere dette grunnlaget, og sikre et bedre lydmilj\u00f8 i framtiden. Milj\u00f8verndepartementet (MD) har utviklet </ins>[http://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">regjeringen.no/upload/MD/Vedlegg/Retningslinjer/T-1442.pdf retningslinje for behandling av st\u00f8y i arealplanlegging (T-1442)] for \u00e5 gi kommunene bedre bakgrunn for \u00e5 ta hensyn til st\u00f8y i arealplanleggingen. Retningslinjen anbefaler at st\u00f8ykildereierne (herunder JBV) utarbeider kart som viser st\u00f8ysoner, se [[St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner#St\u00f8ysonekart|avsnitt om st\u00f8ysonekart]].</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MD anbefaler at man ved bygging av st\u00f8yf\u00f8lsom bebyggelse (boliger, skoler, sykehus osv.) i den gule sonen gj\u00f8r spesielle tiltak for \u00e5 redusere problemene. Dette gjelder ikke bare tiltak p\u00e5 selve bygningene (fasadeisolering o.l.) men ogs\u00e5 planlegging i en st\u00f8rre sammenheng, med vektlegging av tilgang p\u00e5 stille omr\u00e5der i n\u00e6rheten. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8y mot omgivelsene m\u00e5 ofte avveies mot andre interesser, slik som en linjes integrering med eksisterende infrastruktur, linjef\u00f8ring, visuelt milj\u00f8, reiseopplevelser, barrierevirkning mv. Det er viktig at alle forholdene vurderes i for eksempel valg av utbyggingsalternativ. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8yproblemer kan reduseres ved gjennomtenkt arealplanlegging. Jernbaneteknisk infrastruktur har imidlertid f\u00e5 frihetsgrader, som f\u00f8rer til at jernbaneanlegg blir en viktig premiss i arealdisponeringen. Det er derfor viktig at overordnede planer tar hensyn til dette p\u00e5 en m\u00e5te som gir god samordning mellom ulike krav og behov.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Innenfor eksisterende arealstruktur betyr dette at boligbebyggelse, skoler, friomr\u00e5der etc. m\u00e5 planlegges i forhold til jernbanen. Her vil forhold som topografi, avstand til st\u00f8ykilden, plassering og utforming av anleggene osv. v\u00e6re direkte med p\u00e5 \u00e5 p\u00e5virke st\u00f8yforholdene. Det m\u00e5 ogs\u00e5 vurderes om aktiviteter innenfor for eksempel et skifteomr\u00e5de kan flyttes til mindre utsatt posisjon i forhold til omkringliggende bebyggelse. Avskjerming av st\u00f8yutsatte virksomheter, omlegging av rutiner etc. er forhold som ogs\u00e5 m\u00e5 konsekvensvurderes under arealplanleggingen.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ved omlegging av eksisterende baner og anlegg av nye baner, stasjoner, skifteomr\u00e5der, godsterminaler etc. m\u00e5 derimot jernbanen planlegges i forhold til eksisterende bebyggelse. Men ogs\u00e5 i denne situasjonen vil jernbaneanleggene v\u00e6re lite fleksible og ofte bundet opp i eksisterende infrastruktur. I tillegg vil jernbanen n\u00f8dvendigvis m\u00e5tte legges innom byer og tettsteder den skal betjene og s\u00e5ledes fort komme i konflikt med annen arealdisponering. L\u00f8sninger som kombinerer ulike hensyn er mulige, men ofte kostbare fordi de inneb\u00e6rer innbygging, nedsenkning, lokk, tunneler etc..</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:bilde5.2"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:5.2</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">jpg|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Lillestr\u00f8m etter utbygging av Gardermobanen. Bomilj\u00f8tiltak med st\u00f8yskjerming,opprusting av utearealer, fasadetiltak m.m.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== St\u00f8yskjermer ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:bilde5.3"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:5.3.jpg|thumb|center|500px|<caption>St\u00f8yskjerm langs Drammensbanen \u2013 like f\u00f8r Lysaker stasjon i retning Asker.</caption>]] </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er gjennomf\u00f8rt en rekke skjermingstiltak langs det norske banenettet. Det finnes i tillegg et omfattende internasjonalt erfaringsgrunnlag. Det vil fremdeles v\u00e6re behov for skjermbygging etter at forurensingslovens m\u00e5lsetninger etter planen er oppfylt innen \u00e5r 2005. Det gjelder bl.a. :</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* ved nybygging / utvidelse / bruksendring av bane eller bygning ved bane og vesentlige trafikkendring p\u00e5 bane.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* vedlikehold og utskifting av eksisterende skjermer for \u00e5 oppn\u00e5 bedre effekt, eller ta mer hensyn til estetikk. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* utnytting av lave skjermer tett ved spor, evt. i kombinasjon med endring av vognutforming (bedre skjerming av hjul).</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ved valg av st\u00f8yskjermer er f\u00f8lgende forhold viktige \u00e5 vurdere :</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* tekniske krav til skjermer</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* akustiske krav</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* kostnader</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* avstand fra st\u00f8ykilde</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* plassering i terreng</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* h\u00f8yde</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* bredde</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* fundamentering</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* estetikk (materialbruk, farger, detaljer mv.)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Man har ulike typer st\u00f8yskjermer, slik som:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* skjerm langs sporets tras\u00e9</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* omr\u00e5deskjerm</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* lokal skjerm</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Andre forhold som b\u00f8r vurderes er:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* plassering og utforming av utend\u00f8rs oppholdsareal</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* n\u00e6rmilj\u00f8</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* barriere-effekt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* materialbruk (tre,metall, betong,mur, glass,voller, gr\u00f8nne skjermer mv.)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oppsetting av st\u00f8yskjerm kan ha god effekt p\u00e5 st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et. Man kan f\u00e5 dempet utend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 med 5\u201315 dBA (ved omfattende og velutformede skjermer). Skjermer demper best frekvenser over 500 Hz. Skjermingseffekten ovenfor jernbanest\u00f8y er ofte bedre enn vegtrafikkst\u00f8y pga. frekvensfordelingen. Innend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 blir spesielt p\u00e5virket av de dempningseffektene som gj\u00f8r seg gjeldene under ca. 500 Hz. Skjermer vil derfor ha litt mindre effekt p\u00e5 innend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et enn p\u00e5 utend\u00f8rs. <xr id="fig:skisse_stoyskjerm" />\u2013<xr id="fig:skisse_stoyskjerm2" /> viser ulike prinsippskisser for st\u00f8yskjermer.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:skisse_stoyskjerm"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_26_skisse_stoyskjerm.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Prinsippskisse av st\u00f8yskjerm i tre med st\u00f8yabsorberende plate (mineralull).</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:avstand_skjerm_spor"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_27_avstand_skjerm_spor.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Minste avstand mellom spormidt og skjerm skal normalt v\u00e6re minst 4,0 m.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:skisse_stoyskjerm2"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_28_skisse_stoyskjerm2.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Prinsippskisse av st\u00f8yskjerm plassert p\u00e5 formasjonsplanet.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:bilde5.4"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:5.4.jpg|thumb|center|500px|<caption>St\u00f8yskjerm mellom Sk\u00f8yen og Lysaker.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8yskjermer har best effekt n\u00e5r de kan plasseres n\u00e6rmest mulig st\u00f8ykilden. Skifteomr\u00e5der har som regel en stor utstrekning og er dermed\u00a0 vanskelig \u00e5 skjerme effektivt. Derimot kan det ha god effekt \u00e5 skjerme deler av skifteomr\u00e5det med spesielt st\u00f8yende aktiviteter, f.eks ved skifterygger o.l.\u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hovedsporene ligger som oftest i utkanten av skifteomr\u00e5det og dermed\u00a0 n\u00e6rmest bebyggelsen. Det kan derfor oppn\u00e5s god effekt ved \u00e5 sette opp skjermer mellom hovedsporene og bebyggelsen. Disse skjermene vil ogs\u00e5 ha en positiv effekt p\u00e5 st\u00f8yen fra skifteaktiviteten, om enn noe begrenset.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8yvoller kan i mange tilfeller tilpasses omgivelsene bedre enn en skjerm. Beplantning av sideterreng har en viss st\u00f8yreduserende effekt men b\u00f8r kombineres med andre tiltak som\u00a0 f.eks st\u00f8yvoller. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== St\u00f8yskjermer kontra tiltak p\u00e5 materiell ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I Sveits har man studert ulike scenarier av st\u00f8yreduserende tiltak. Man har vurdert st\u00f8yskjermer alene, opp mot kombinasjonen av st\u00f8yskjermer og fasadetiltak, samt vurdert omfang opp mot investeringer p\u00e5 materiell og reduksjon av st\u00f8y ved utskifting av materiell og bytte av for eksempel bremsesystemer p\u00e5 godstogmateriell.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Man har valgt investeringer som f\u00f8lger :</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* 60 % p\u00e5 forbedret/nytt materiell</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* 35 % p\u00e5 st\u00f8yskjermer\u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* 5 % p\u00e5 fasadetiltak</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Eksempel p\u00e5 tiltak ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gardermobanen, bomilj\u00f8tiltak, kort oppsummering:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Utend\u00f8rsarbeider'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* st\u00f8yskjerming</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* reetablering av enkeltgarasjer og st\u00f8rre anlegg</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* opprusting av utomhusarealer, hager</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* beplantning av blokker og parker</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* murer av naturstein</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* opparbeidelse av to parker i Lillestr\u00f8m</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:bilde5.5"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:5.5.jpg|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Gardermobaneskjermen ved Lillestr\u00f8m. Totalh\u00f8yde 3,0 m over skinnetopp, \u00f8verste meter i herdet glass.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Fasadetiltak'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Lavhus :</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Tilleggsisolering av vegger og yttertak</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Utskifting av vinduer og d\u00f8rer</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Ventilasjon - mekanisk ventilatorer og dempede ventiler</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Lokale skjermer for bon\u00e6re uteoppholdsarealer</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Blokker :</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Utskifting av vinduer og d\u00f8rer</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Ventilasjon</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Balansert mekanisk </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Mekaniske ventilatorer</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Nye innglassede st\u00f8ydempende balkonger</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:skisse_stoyskjerm3"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_29_skisse_stoyskjerm3.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Prinsippskisse av st\u00f8yskjerm plassert p\u00e5 formasjonsplanet.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Eksempel p\u00e5 h\u00f8ye og lave st\u00f8yskjermer i Gamlebyen, Oslo ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eksempel Gamlebyen, Oslo, kort oppsummering:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Lave og h\u00f8ye st\u00f8yskjermer</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Skinnestegsisolasjon</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Utskifting av vinduer og d\u00f8rer</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Ventilasjon (balansert mekanisk anlegg)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Reetablering av enkeltgarasjer og st\u00f8rre anlegg</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Opprusting av utomhusarealer, hager</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:bilde5.6"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:5.6.jpg|thumb|center|500px|<caption>I Gamlebyen er oppf\u00f8rt b\u00e5de lave st\u00f8yskjermer mellom sporene og nye skjermer langs sporomr\u00e5det. I tillegg gjennomf\u00f8res omfattende fasadetiltak p\u00e5 blokker og boliger.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Vedlikehold av st\u00f8yskjermer ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Oppsatte st\u00f8yskjermer skal holdes vedlike og i fullstendig stand for \u00e5 tilfredstille form\u00e5let med st\u00f8yskjermen. Egen feil-/skaderapport, linjen, skal benyttes for registrering av mangler og feil som grunnlag for vedlikeholdet (se [https://trv.jbv.no/PDF/Overbygning/532/Vedlegg/T3204A03.pdf JD 532, vedlegg 4a]).</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Fasadeisolering mot st\u00f8y ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Fasadeisoleringstiltak er tiltak direkte p\u00e5 bygningen for \u00e5 redusere innend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5. Tiltak kan v\u00e6re f.eks. utskifting av vinduer, fasadeisolering, mekanisk ventilasjon og ventilutskiftning. Tiltakene kan iverksettes trinnvis inntil \u00f8nsket inneniv\u00e5 (eller maksimal effekt), er oppn\u00e5dd. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Skjermingseffekten av fasadetiltak er ofte bedre ovenfor jernbanest\u00f8y enn overfor vegst\u00f8y p\u00e5 grunn av frekvensforskjeller. For boliger ved skifteomr\u00e5der er fasadeisolering et aktuelt tiltak der hvor skjermingstiltak gir mindre effekt.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Forhold som er viktige \u00e5 vurdere i forhold til fasadetiltak vil v\u00e6re:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* arkitektur, estetikk, bygningsvern</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* akustikk</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* byggeteknikk</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* ventilasjon</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* kostnader</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Eksempel p\u00e5 tiltak:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Isolering av fasader \u2013 vinduer, vegger, tak</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Omdisponering/ombygging av rom</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Konstruksjoner for skjerming av uteplass i direkte tilknytning til bygning (vinterhaver, tilbygg, levegger)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Konstruksjoner adskilt fra bygning som gir le for st\u00f8y: garasjer, uthus, gjerder mv.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Typisk st\u00f8yreduksjon i vegg vil v\u00e6re:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* En trebygning med god standard har normalt \u2206''L'' = 30 dB med tette ventiler.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Murbygning med gode vinduer har normalt \u2206''L'' = 40\u201345 dB med lydtett ventilasjon.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Tiltak p\u00e5 infrastruktur ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Skinnesliping ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kontaktflaten mellom skinne og hjul den dominerende st\u00f8ykilden. Et av de viktigste tiltakene mot st\u00f8y vil derfor v\u00e6re \u00e5 bruke \u00abrunde hjul p\u00e5 flate skinner\u00bb, dvs. godt vedlikehold ved skinnesliping. Variable som kj\u00f8rehastighet, type materiell, hjultilstand og skinneujevnheter vil i stor grad avgj\u00f8re st\u00f8rrelsen p\u00e5 st\u00f8yreduksjonen ved skinnesliping. Skinneujevnheter har avgj\u00f8rende betydning p\u00e5 jernbanest\u00f8yen, og ujevnheter med korte b\u00f8lgelengder er viktigst (ca. 10\u2013100 mm). Amplituder ned til noen f\u00e5 mikrometer er av interesse, og m\u00e5linger m\u00e5 utf\u00f8res med spesialutstyr.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">B\u00f8lgedannelse kan ha flere \u00e5rsaker, men det vanligste er s\u00e5kalte korte b\u00f8lger p\u00e5 innerstrengen i skarpe kurver. Overflateutmatningsdefekter kan f.eks v\u00e6re \u00abkj\u00f8rekantsprekker\u00bb (head checks), som etter en tids trafikkbelastning kan gi avskallinger og sprekketilvekst i dypet, noe som \u00f8ker risikoen for skinnebrudd.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Rifler og b\u00f8lger (og andre ikke periodiske ujevnheter i sporet) gir kraftige p\u00e5virkninger av spor og materiell pga. \u00f8kte dynamiske krefter og vibrasjoner. Dette f\u00f8rer bl.a. til kortere levetid p\u00e5 sporets komponenter og p\u00e5 sporjusteringen, slitasje p\u00e5 rullende materiell, d\u00e5rligere komfort, \u00f8kt st\u00f8y og \u00f8kt energiforbruk.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Impulslaster som skyldes rifler og b\u00f8lger har tydelig innflytelse p\u00e5 nedbrytningen av hele overbygningen. Dette kan observeres p\u00e5 steder som har slike feil, der det sannsynligvis vil finnes stor slitasje p\u00e5 sviller og befestning, og nedbrytning av ballasten som f\u00f8lge av de store kreftene som oppst\u00e5r.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Vibrasjonslastene i sporet som f\u00f8lge av rifler og b\u00f8lger kan ogs\u00e5 bli meget store og bidra sterkt til nedbrytning av sporets komponenter. B\u00e5de skinner, befestning, sviller og ballast utsettes for store krefter. Dersom de angripende kreftene har en frekvens som er lik konstruksjonens egenfrekvens, kan det dessuten oppst\u00e5 en risiko for resonans. Dette kan medf\u00f8re sprekkdannelser i betongsviller. Vibrasjonslaster kan ogs\u00e5 gi \u00abflyt\u00bb i ballasten. Dette betyr at ballasten flytter seg litt for hver togpassering og sporets justeringsstandard vil raskt nedbrytes.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">En egen m\u00e5levogn for registrering av rifler og b\u00f8lger gj\u00f8r m\u00e5linger med stor n\u00f8yaktighet. Disse m\u00e5lingene gir absolutte resultater av b\u00f8lgedybder og b\u00f8lgelengder for korte og lange b\u00f8lger og gjennomsnittsm\u00e5linger av b\u00f8lgedybden. Tverrprofilets form og dets avvik fra et gitt profil blir ogs\u00e5 m\u00e5lt. Dessuten skrives det ut en oversikt hvor den m\u00e5lte strekningen er gruppert i klasser (1\u20138) ut fra b\u00f8lgedybde, dvs. at man f\u00e5r en oversikt over antall km innen de forskjellige klassene. Dette forenkler planleggingen vesentlig og betyr at man kan planlegge antall overfarter temmelig n\u00f8yaktig.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Typisk klasseinndeling av b\u00f8lgedybder:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:bolgedybder"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Typisk klasseinndeling av b\u00f8lgedybder</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Klasse</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 1</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 2</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 3</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 4</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 5</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 6</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 7</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 8</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! B\u00f8lgedybde i mm</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,02\u20130,04</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,04\u20130,06</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,06\u20130,08</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,08\u20130,10</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,10\u20130,15</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,15\u20130,20</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,20\u20130,25</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| > 0.25</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I et dansk st\u00f8yteknisk prosjekt ble det i IC3-togets f\u00f8rerrom konstatert stigning i st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et p\u00e5 10 dB fra skinnekvalitet (klasse) 1 til 5, dvs. fra b\u00f8lgedybde 0,02\u20130,04 mm til 0,10\u20130,15 mm. En god skinnekvalitet oppleves alts\u00e5 som mer enn en halvering av st\u00f8yen i f\u00f8rerrommet. St\u00f8yen ved kj\u00f8ring p\u00e5 betongsviller ble m\u00e5lt til 8\u201310 dB lavere enn kj\u00f8ring p\u00e5 tresviller. I DSBs st\u00f8ytekniske analyseprosjekt ble det ogs\u00e5 vurdert om det ville v\u00e6re ytterligere \u00e5 hente ved enda strengere inngrepskriterier. Men hoveddelen av st\u00f8yen som skyldes skinner, opptrer f\u00f8rst fra klasse 3 (b\u00f8lgedybde 0,06\u20130,08 mm) og oppover, s\u00e5 effekten av enda hyppigere slipinger ble i denne unders\u00f8kelsen ansett som lav.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:rail_roughness"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_30_rail_roughness.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Sammenheng mellom b\u00f8lgelengder (ruhet / ujevnheter) i skinne og st\u00f8yniv\u00e5.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det ble utf\u00f8rt enkle stikkpr\u00f8vem\u00e5linger av skinneujevnheter i samband med de to store norske m\u00e5leseriene for togst\u00f8y. De st\u00f8ymessige resultatene er brukt som grunnlag i Nord96, og dermed ogs\u00e5 som utgangspunkt for st\u00f8yberegningene som blir utf\u00f8rt. M\u00e5lingen av skinneujevnheter viste typiske amplitudeverdier under ca. 0,05\u20130,15 mm (50-150 \u00b5m) for b\u00f8lgelender under ca. 100 mm. M\u00e5lemetoden var sv\u00e6rt enkel og gav en minimumsoppl\u00f8sning p\u00e5 50 \u00b5m. I nyere litteratur antydes et behov for \u00e5 kunne m\u00e5le amplituder ned til ca. 1 \u00b5m, for \u00e5 kunne fastsette st\u00f8yrelevante grenser for ujevnheter p\u00e5 skinne og hjul.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Like viktig er det at nye vedlikeholdsrutiner for skinne/hjul trolig m\u00e5 etableres dersom det skal v\u00e6re mulig \u00e5 opprettholde varig, lav lydavstr\u00e5ling for nye togtyper. Det er trolig behov for nytt m\u00e5leutstyr for registrering av skinneujevnheter (og tilsvarende for hjul).\u00a0 Det arbeides i flere land med \u00e5 fastsette st\u00f8ykrav for sliping av skinner og dreiing av hjul. Utstyrsprototyper er utpr\u00f8vd bl.a. i Nederland og Tyskland, og blir n\u00e5 videreutviklet samtidig som slipekriteriene formaliseres. Utstyret vil ha sin anvendelse b\u00e5de ved skinnesliping, emisjonsm\u00e5linger for revisjon av eksisterende reknemetode og ved lydmessig kontroll av nytt rullende materiell.\u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kontroll og reduksjon av ujevnheter p\u00e5 skinner og hjul er et helt sentralt virkemiddel for \u00e5 redusere st\u00f8y fra dagens togtrafikk.\u00a0 Det er mulig \u00e5 oppn\u00e5 reduksjon i gjennomsnittlig A-veid d\u00f8gnekvivalent lydniv\u00e5 ved lokalisering og rask fjerning av hjulslag, og innf\u00f8re st\u00f8ymessige kriterier for skinnesliping. Maksimalniv\u00e5ene for de mest st\u00f8yende enkelttogene kan reduseres med opptil 10 dB, og dermed bidra ytterligere til en reduksjon av st\u00f8yulempene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Skinneujevnheter av den typen som er viktig for st\u00f8y, vil trolig ikke v\u00e6re noen hovedgrunn for utbytting av skinne. Skinneutskiftning er derfor ikke vurdert som et viktig st\u00f8ytiltak.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sliping utf\u00f8res for \u00e5 forhindre eller forsinke utvikling av b\u00f8lger og andre slitasjeskader p\u00e5 skinnene, som overflateutmatning og utvalsing av tverrprofilet. Dette forlenger levetid p\u00e5 skinner og andre sporkomponenter, samt p\u00e5 det rullende materiell. Sliping foretas ogs\u00e5 for \u00e5 redusere st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner, og for \u00e5 forbedre komfort og gangegenskaper hos det rullende materiell. Spesielt ved h\u00f8yere hastigheter er tilpasningen mellom hjul og skinne viktig. N\u00e5r det gjelder st\u00f8y konkluderer flere unders\u00f8kelser med at en kan oppn\u00e5 en reduksjon p\u00e5 opp til 10 dB ved sliping, hvilket oppleves som en halvering av st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et. Effekten av skinnesliping er imidlertid sterkt avhengig av hjulkvaliten p\u00e5 togene, og det er kun togene med best vedlikeholdte hjul som oppn\u00e5r stor st\u00f8yreduksjon.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Verdien av redusert antall meter st\u00f8yskjerm kan v\u00e6re betydelig, sett i forhold til potensialet i st\u00f8yreduksjon ved skinnesliping. Kostnad for skinnesliping er i st\u00f8rrelsesorden 60-70 kr pr. l\u00f8pemeter spor med dagens m\u00e5le- og slipeteknikk. Spesiell slipeteknikk for st\u00f8y er noe dyrere, men det er fortsatt et kostnadseffektivt tiltak.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sliping med ordin\u00e6r metode gir et regelmessig m\u00f8nster (sliperoser) p\u00e5 skinneoverflaten som faktisk \u00f8ker lydniv\u00e5et ved enkelte frekvenser i en kort periode etter sliping. Dette m\u00f8nsteret blir imidlertid slitt bort ganske raskt, spesielt der det er stor trafikk.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== H\u00f8yhastighetsbaner ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Med h\u00f8yhastighetsbaner menes vanligvis jernbaner bygget for hastigheter over 250 km/t. I Norge, med vanskelig topografi og derav f\u00f8lgende krapp geometri, brukes denne betegnelsen ogs\u00e5 om baner med hastigheter p\u00e5 160\u2013200 km/t. Ved enda h\u00f8yere hastigheter, opp mot 300 km/t, vil bidraget fra aerodynamisk st\u00f8y etterhvert overg\u00e5 bidraget fra rullest\u00f8yen.\u00a0 </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ved h\u00f8yere hastigheter vil kreftene mot sporet \u00f8ke og dermed vil de negative virkningene av b\u00f8lger/rifler nevnt tidligere, bli st\u00f8rre. Ved h\u00f8yere hastigheter vil det pga. kj\u00f8reegenskaper og sikkerhet v\u00e6re sv\u00e6rt viktig med god tilpasning mellom hjul og skinne.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">P\u00e5 baner med h\u00f8ye hastigheter er rifledannelse et vanlig fenomen. Dette kan skape sv\u00e6rt mye st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner. \u00d8kende hastighet medf\u00f8rer ogs\u00e5 \u00f8kende st\u00f8yniv\u00e5. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ved nye baner, og spesielt nye h\u00f8yhastighetsbaner, settes det strenge krav til st\u00f8ymessige forhold. Tilsvarende settes det ved nytt materiell strenge krav til st\u00f8yemisjon, noe som medf\u00f8rer en betydelig st\u00f8yreduksjon for nytt materiell sammenlignet med eldre materiell.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:TGV_sliping"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_31_TGV_sliping.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Eksempel p\u00e5 st\u00f8yreduksjon ved skinnesliping (TGV - 300 km/t).</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== St\u00f8ysvake sporveksler ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sporveksler er ofte en st\u00f8ykilde for omgivelsene. Skinnekrysset i sporvekslene bidrar til \u00e5 \u00f8ke st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et, spesielt med tanke maksimalt st\u00f8yniv\u00e5. Kj\u00f8ring gjennom sporvekslene for\u00e5rsaker ogs\u00e5 vibrasjoner i grunnen. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I en konvensjonell sporveksel m\u00e5 det ene vognhjulet kj\u00f8re over et \u00abskinnel\u00f8st\u00bb parti ved sporkrysset. Dette medf\u00f8rer st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner. Mulig avb\u00f8tende tiltak vil v\u00e6re bytte av sporkryss til sporveksel med bevegelig kryss. Det skinnel\u00f8se partiet unng\u00e5s, slik at vognhjulet alltid kj\u00f8rer p\u00e5 skinne.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bevegelige kryss, hvor det skinnel\u00f8se partiet unng\u00e5s, reduserer st\u00f8yen betydelig. Tiltaket medf\u00f8rer behov for innleggelse av nye drivmaskiner for de bevegelige kryssene i tillegg til endringer i det eksisterende styringssystemet. Ved bygging av nye anlegg skal det alltid vurderes \u00e5 bruke veksler med bevegelig kryss i st\u00f8yutsatte omr\u00e5der. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Skinnestegsdempning ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">En vesentlig st\u00f8ykilde er lydavstr\u00e5ling fra skinner. Det er foretatt unders\u00f8kelser av ulike skinnetypers lydavstr\u00e5lingsegenskaper, og det viser seg at UIC 60 skinner gjennomg\u00e5ende avstr\u00e5ler mer st\u00f8y i forhold til f.eks. UIC 54. Dette skyldes trolig st\u00f8rrelsen p\u00e5 skinnene. For \u00e5\u00a0 redusere st\u00f8y fra skinnene er det foretatt fors\u00f8k med isolasjon i skinnesteg med str\u00e5lingsminskende kledning. Dette er et tiltak som det er foretatt flere unders\u00f8kelser p\u00e5 i andre land/jernbanevirksomheter. Effekt av ulike materialtyper er noe usikker, men de fleste typer skinnestegsisolasjon viser seg effektive mot hylelyder i sporkurver. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I 1996/97 ble det av JBV, NSB Gardermobanen og SINTEF gjennomf\u00f8rt et prosjekt om effekten av forskjellige skinnestegsprodukter. B\u00e5de feltm\u00e5linger og laboratorieunders\u00f8kelser ble gjennomf\u00f8rt.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Jernbaneverket har i denne forbindelse satt krav til om at funksjoner i forbindelse med fremf\u00f8ring av det rullende materiell og vedlikeholdsarbeider ikke skal forstyrres:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Produktet skal lett kunne monteres p\u00e5 skinnene i sporet</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Komponentene m\u00e5 ha en utforming som tillater sporarbeider med pakkmaskiner uten at komponentene m\u00e5 demonteres</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Dynamisk belastning inkludert effekten av hjul- og skinneujevnheter, skinnefeste og fundamentering er avgj\u00f8rende for lydavstr\u00e5lingen. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Av unders\u00f8kelsen fremgikk at RUB-line viste seg \u00e5 v\u00e6re best st\u00f8ymessig, og som noe rimeligere enn de \u00f8vrige typene isolasjoner. RUB-line best\u00e5r av f\u00f8lgende produkter:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Gummiprofil som legges inn til skinnesteget p\u00e5 begge sider av skinnen</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Aluminiumsprofil som legges inn til gummibeleggene for beskyttelse p\u00e5 begge sider av skinnesteget</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Fj\u00e6rende festeklemme i aluminium som trykker gummibelegget med aluminiumsprofilet mot skinnesteget</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Varmgalvanisert bolt som binder systemet sammen</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Unders\u00f8kelser og m\u00e5linger p\u00e5 en pr\u00f8vestrekning er gjennomf\u00f8rt for \u00e5 klarlegge effekt av ulike typer skinneisolasjon. Det beste produktet er tatt i bruk p\u00e5 Etterstad og i Gamlebyen, Oslo. Resultatene viser best st\u00f8yreduksjon for kj\u00f8ring i lave hastigheter. For hastigheter under 50 km/t ligger st\u00f8yreduksjonen p\u00e5 3\u20134 dB. Ved hastigheter rundt 80 km/t er dempningspotensialet 1,5\u20132 dB. Tiltaket er spesielt aktuelt som supplement til andre st\u00f8yreduksjonstiltak i tettbygde str\u00f8k. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:skinnedemping"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_32_skinnedemping.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Ulike skinnestegisolasjoner som er st\u00f8ytestet av SINTEF.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Ballast- og svilletyper ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konvensjonell ballast regnes i beregningssammenheng som \u00abmyk\u00bb mark. Dette fordi overflaten i ballasten er ru og dermed virker spredende p\u00e5 lydavstr\u00e5ling. Det er foretatt fors\u00f8k med ulik ballastsammensetning, og funnet noe st\u00f8yreduksjon ved ulik st\u00f8rrelse p\u00e5 sammensetningen av ballastmaterialet.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er ogs\u00e5 foretatt unders\u00f8kelser av st\u00f8yavstr\u00e5ling fra ulike svilletyper. Enkelte m\u00e5linger viser at betongsviller er noe mer st\u00f8ysvake enn tresviller. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Bruer ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8y fra jernbanebruer kan deles inn i to hovedst\u00f8ybidrag:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* st\u00f8y fra hjul og skinne</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* st\u00f8y fra brukonstruksjonen</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Brukonstruksjoner avgir st\u00f8y i forbindelse med at konstruksjonene settes i svingninger ved togpasseringer. St\u00f8ybildet fra hjul og skinne blir ogs\u00e5 annerledes enn p\u00e5 fri linje som f\u00f8lge av vibrasjoner i underlaget.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">M\u00e5linger fra st\u00e5lkonstruksjoner (uten ballast) viser at st\u00f8yen kan v\u00e6re 6\u201310 dB h\u00f8yere enn ved kj\u00f8ring p\u00e5 ordin\u00e6rt spor. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Totalt er st\u00f8ybildet fra bruer mer lavfrekvent enn den \u00abnormale\u00bb togst\u00f8yen man opplever p\u00e5 fri linje. Det er ogs\u00e5 verdt \u00e5 merke seg at lavfrekvent st\u00f8y lettere g\u00e5r gjennom bygninger enn h\u00f8yfrekvent st\u00f8y. Lavfrekvent st\u00f8y reduseres mest effektivt ved \u00e5 \u00f8ke massen i brukonstruksjonen. Bygging av en mer massiv konstruksjon, f.eks. betongtrau med pukkballast vil kunne redusere st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Unders\u00f8kelser fra Japan viser at montering av magnetiske gummiplater p\u00e5 plateb\u00e6rerbruer kan redusere st\u00f8yutstr\u00e5lingen med s\u00e5 mye som 6\u201310 dB i 5 m avstand fra brua.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Tiltak p\u00e5 materiell ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Krav til st\u00f8y fra nye tog === </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8ym\u00e5ling p\u00e5 de relativt nye h\u00f8ghastighetstogene bl.a. i Tyskland, Frankrike, Japan, Sverige og p\u00e5 det norske flytoget type 71, viser at det finnes muligheter for \u00e5 redusere togst\u00f8yen med 5\u201310 dB sett i forhold til hoveddelen av eksisterende rullende materiell. Tilgjengelig teknologi kan enklest utnyttes ved at det stilles strenge og etterpr\u00f8vbare krav ved kj\u00f8p av nytt materiell.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dette er blitt satt i system ved at nytt materiell som tas i bruk skal tilfredsstille kravene til st\u00f8yemisjon i TSI st\u00f8y. Det er satt krav til at man skal benytte ISO 3095 for \u00e5 m\u00e5le st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 ved materiellet. St\u00f8yen fra de nye togene vil dermed v\u00e6re lavere enn dagens tog til tross for at de nye togene vil holde en betydelig h\u00f8yere hastighet. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Eksempel p\u00e5 krav til st\u00f8y fra tog: Flytoget (type 71)'''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Leverand\u00f8r av flytoget, type 71, er Adtranz Norway. Adtranz Norway har i konsortium med Adtranz Sweden utviklet togkonseptet p\u00e5 basis av erfaringer fra h\u00f8yhastighetstoget type X2, som tidligere er levert til SJ i Sverige. Adtranz Sweden har levert de st\u00f8rre komponentene i toget til Adtranz Norway, som har st\u00e5tt for sluttmontasje, innredning, idriftsettelse, kontroll og testing av type 71. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er 16 stk. togsett, best\u00e5ende av tre motorvogner (senere bygd ut til fire), som alle har en motorboggi og en l\u00f8peboggi. Midtvognen har str\u00f8mavtager og hovedtransformator. St\u00f8rste hastighet er 210 km/t. Togene kan multikobles inntil 4 togsett. Settene er bygget i rustfritt st\u00e5l, og fronten er st\u00f8pt GRP (glassfiberforsterket plast). Togene er sv\u00e6rt kollisjonssikre, med kraftig st\u00e5lbjelker innenfor GRP-fronten. Vekten p\u00e5 togsettene er 158 tonn.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Settene har skivebremser p\u00e5 alle l\u00f8peboggier. Alle akslinger har skivebremser og motorboggien har ogs\u00e5 pussebremser p\u00e5 hjulbanen.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''St\u00f8ykrav'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Spesifikasjoner og krav relatert st\u00f8y, som gikk til h\u00f8ring forut for kontraktsinng\u00e5else med togleverand\u00f8r, er akseptert med anbefalt krav p\u00e5 maksimalt 90 dB utvendig st\u00f8y i 200 km/t. Det ble satt krav p\u00e5 88 dB i kontrakt med leverand\u00f8r for ytterligere forbedring. Det ble ikke skilt p\u00e5 ny og eksisterende bane i kravene, men for hastighet p\u00e5 210 km/t, forutsettes bane av h\u00f8yhastighetsstandard.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:bilde5.7"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:5.7.jpg|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Det er satt strenge krav til st\u00f8y fra Flytoget, type 71, noe som har resultert i 5\u201310 dB redusert togst\u00f8y i forhold til hoveddelen av \u00f8vrig eksisterende materiell. Her er Flytoget avbildet ved Lillestr\u00f8m stasjon.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">De aktuelle eksterne st\u00f8ykrav som er satt til flytoget (type 71) er f\u00f8lgende:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* 88 dB ved 200 km/t 25 m fra spormidt <sup>1)</sup></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* 78 dB ved 80 km/t, 80 dB ved 100 km/t, 82 dB ved 120 km/t, 83,5 dB ved 140 km/t og 85 dB ved 160 km/t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* 75 dB stillest\u00e5ende med full ventilasjonskraft, 7,5 m fra spormidt <sup>1)</sup>\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* 70 dB stillest\u00e5ende 5 min. etter stopp, 7,5 m fra spormidt <sup>1)</sup></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* 75 dB stillest\u00e5ende ved fullt p\u00e5drag, 7,5 m fra spormidt <sup>1)</sup></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><small><sup>1)</sup>M\u00e5lt 1,2 og 3,5 m over terreng p\u00e5 \u00e5pen linje, bakke fri for frost og sn\u00f8.</small></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er montert lyddempere p\u00e5 alle hjul som har gitt et dempningsbidrag p\u00e5 ca. 4 dB.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Bremsesystemet best\u00e5r av skivebremser p\u00e5 alle hjul, samt \u00abpusseklosser\u00bb p\u00e5 drivhjul. Dusse pusser og renser hjulbanen for materiale og sm\u00e5 ujevnheter, slik at god friksjon mellom hjulbane og skinnehode oppn\u00e5s. Dette resulterer i en jevnere hjuloverflate p\u00e5 sikt, mindre utsatt for utvikling av ujevnheter i s\u00e5 vel hjul som for skinnen.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8ykrav til godsvogner er s\u00e5 vidt fors\u00f8kt. Det ble satt en st\u00f8ygrense p\u00e5 90 dB til \u00abJet fuel\u00bb-togsettet som frakter flybensin til Gardermoen. (M\u00e5lebetingelser ikke oppgitt).</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:bilde5.8"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:5.8.jpg|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Det ble stilt strenge krav ogs\u00e5 til nytt ekspresskrengetog, type 73, som ble satt i drift h\u00f8sten 1999.</caption>]] </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Utviklingstrekk, st\u00f8y fra jernbaneterminaler ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det fraktes stadig mer gods p\u00e5 jernbane, og \u00f8kningen forventes \u00e5 fortsette fram mot 2020.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Omlegging av terminaler og skiftespor og mer bruk av faste togstammer gir mindre skiftebevegelser enn tidligere. St\u00f8yen fra skifteaktivitetene reduseres, mens st\u00f8y fra lessing og lossing \u00f8ker p\u00e5 grunn av omfattende bruk av store lastemaskiner/trucker, spesielt til l\u00f8fting og transport av containere.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Arealutvikling av nye og eksisterende terminaler gir som oftest bedring i st\u00f8yforholdene, ved at nye terminaler legges i omr\u00e5der med f\u00e5 boliger, og ved at nybygging utl\u00f8ser st\u00f8ybeskyttelsestiltak. Ny terminal p\u00e5 Ganndal har for eksempel gitt f\u00e6rre st\u00f8yutsatte ved ny terminal i forhold til eksisterende terminaler i Stavanger og Sandnes, og st\u00f8yforholdene er bedret for beboere langs banen p\u00e5 strekningen Ganndal\u2013Stavanger. I Trondheimsregionen synes det ikke mulig \u00e5 finne arealer for ny eller utvidet terminal som gir f\u00e6rre st\u00f8yutsatte, men nyetablering vil utl\u00f8se st\u00f8ybeskyttelsestiltak der st\u00f8yen eventuelt \u00f8ker uten tiltak.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">P\u00e5 eksisterende terminaler vil st\u00f8yforbedring oppn\u00e5s ved at skiftesporene arrangeres slik at togene kan settes opp med f\u00e6rre skiftebevegelser. Forbedring av spor og underbygning p\u00e5 eksisterende terminalomr\u00e5der vil gi st\u00f8ygevinster, for eksempel ved utbedring av veksler og skinneskj\u00f8ter, og utretting av krappe kurver som gir kurveskrik.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Utviklingen p\u00e5 materiellsiden medf\u00f8rer stort sett reduksjon av st\u00f8y fra skifteaktiviteter. Nytt rullende materiell er generelt mer st\u00f8ysvakt enn gammelt materiell. Dette gjelder nye skiftelokomotiv og nye godsvogner. For eksempel f\u00f8lger boggiaksler sporene bedre enn enkle aksler og er derfor mindre st\u00f8yende. Det gjennomf\u00f8res en omfattende sanering av eldre godsvogner, og det planlegges ytterligere reduksjon av antallet vogner. Det er \u00f8kende antall utenlandske vogner som trafikkerer i Norge. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Tiltak for \u00e5 redusere st\u00f8y fra framf\u00f8ring av godsvogner i ordin\u00e6r trafikk vil ogs\u00e5 f\u00e5 virkning p\u00e5 terminalomr\u00e5der. Det mest aktuelle tiltaket p\u00e5 vognene er utskifting av st\u00f8pejern bremseklosser til bremseklosser av komposittmateriale, som forventes \u00e5 gi en st\u00f8yreduksjon p\u00e5 5 dB i gjennomsnitt for godstog, dersom slike bremseklosser godkjennes til bruk i Norge, se for \u00f8vrig avsnitt om [[St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner#Bremsesystemer|bremsesystemer]].</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">P\u00e5 eksisterende terminalomr\u00e5der reduseres st\u00f8yen bl.a. ved st\u00f8ydempning av lastemaskiner/ trucker. Skinner med d\u00e5rlig underbygning ved skj\u00f8ter eller veksler utbedres. Stoppesko og skinnebremser erstattes med mer st\u00f8ysvake typer (for eksempel hydrauliske stempelbremser). St\u00f8y fra bufferst\u00f8t reduseres ved \u00e5 redusere hastigheten til vognene ved st\u00f8tet.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Kurveskrik kan reduseres ved fukting med vann eller sm\u00f8ring av skinner. Kurveskrik og st\u00f8y fra tog i lav hastighet kan ogs\u00e5 reduseres ved hjelp av skinnestegsdempning. P\u00e5 mottagersiden kan skjerming og fasadeisolering bedre st\u00f8yforholdene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Vedlikehold av togmateriell, dreiing av hjul ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er store variasjoner i st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et fra de ulike togtypene med de nyeste motorvognene i den ene enden av skalaen og godstog og eldre tog med lok i den andre enden. Nytt togmateriell vil i alle tilfeller v\u00e6re mer st\u00f8ysvakt enn dagens tog, her vil kravspesifikasjonene i forhold til st\u00f8y v\u00e6re avgj\u00f8rende. I lang tid framover vil imidlertid banen bli trafikkert av dagens tog. Det b\u00f8r derfor vurderes om det er mulig \u00e5 gjennomf\u00f8re st\u00f8ydempende tiltak ogs\u00e5 p\u00e5 dette materialet. Det er viktig \u00e5 huske at st\u00f8yskjerming, fasadetiltak og tiltak i sporet bare kan ta sin del av st\u00f8ydempningen og at resultatet ikke blir optimalt f\u00f8r det gjennomf\u00f8res tiltak p\u00e5 togmateriellet.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Kontrollintervall for godsvogner'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Togstammer, med b\u00e5de to-akslede og boggivogner, gjennomg\u00e5r f\u00f8lgende kontroller:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* \u00c5rlige kontroller p\u00e5 verksted eller reparasjonsspor</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Halv\u00e5rskontroll, som utf\u00f8res ute eller inne (ikke verkstedkontroll).</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Ankomstkontroll/-visitasjon utf\u00f8res ved ankomst (til Alnabru). Kj\u00f8relengde f\u00f8r ankomstkontroll skal utf\u00f8res er h\u00f8yst 2000 km.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dersom det oppdages alvorlige hjulslag, eller andre alvorlige skader p\u00e5 hjulbanen, blir hele hjulsatsen demontert og sendt til verksted for dreiing. Grense for lengde av hjulslagflater er 60 mm, eller 40 mm dersom temperaturen er under \u201310\u00b0C. Bremseklosser skal minst v\u00e6re 10 mm for kj\u00f8ring innenlands og 15 mm for kj\u00f8ring utenlands.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Bremsesystemer ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Utskifting av klossbremser med skivebremser p\u00e5 passasjertog gir ca. 7 dB reduksjon i A-veid lydniv\u00e5 n\u00e5r skinnetilstanden er god. Tilsvarende reduksjon kan oppn\u00e5s med egnede klosser p\u00e5 klossbremser, bl.a. p\u00e5 godstog (materialtyper kompositt eller \u00absinter\u00bb). </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Disse klossene sliter jevnere p\u00e5 hjulbanen enn st\u00f8pejernsklosser og hindre utvikling av ruhet/ujevnheter p\u00e5 hjuloverflaten. Kontaktflaten mellom hjul og skinne blir dermed jevnere og bedre og dette f\u00f8rer til lavere st\u00f8yniv\u00e5.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Utskifting av bremseklosser p\u00e5 godstog'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">En storstilet utskifting av eksisterende st\u00f8pejern bremseklosser p\u00e5 godstog med tilsvarende i komposittmateriale er under utredning i Europa. Det jobbes intenst med \u00e5 f\u00e5 klossene godkjent for kommersiell bruk. Det er likevel flere land, deriblant Sveits, som allerede har satt i gang\u00a0 utskiftning av bremseklosser p\u00e5 sine godstog. Tiltaket b\u00f8r vurderes n\u00e6rmere b\u00e5de n\u00e5r det gjelder bremseffekt og varmgang. Totalt st\u00f8yreduksjonspotensiale p\u00e5 norske vogner forventes \u00e5 gi en st\u00f8yreduksjon p\u00e5 ca. 5 dB i gjennomsnitt for alle godstog. Det forutsettes at utgiftene til utbedring av utenlandske vogner i norske tog dekkes av eierlandet, gjennom de krav som utformes i EU.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sammen med alminnelig godt vedlikehold av hjul og skinner kan et slikt tiltak gi reduksjon av totalst\u00f8yen ved terminaler.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Spesielt st\u00f8ydempede laste-/lossemaskiner antas \u00e5 gi en niv\u00e5reduksjon for de enkelte maskinene i st\u00f8rrelsesorden 5 dB i forhold til maskiner uten spesiell st\u00f8ydempning. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I forbindelse med at det forventes overgang til bremseklosser av komposittmaterialer er det \u00f8nskelig med ny utforming av hjulene, slik at de avgir varme til omgivelsene mer effektivt. Ved nyinnkj\u00f8p av hjul til godsvogner blir det n\u00e5 anskaffet \u00abklokkehjul\u00bb som egner seg til bruk sammen med bremseklosser av komposittmaterialer.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== St\u00f8ydempede hjul ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hjulabsorbenter kan v\u00e6re et effektivt tiltak. Der hvor hvert hjul dempes med absorbenter vil 4\u20136 dB kunne oppn\u00e5s.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:hjulabsorbenter"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_33_hjulabsorbenter.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Illustrasjon av ulike typer hjulabsorbenter.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== Styrbare hjulsett ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er hovedsakelig hjulenes gang gjennom kurven som for\u00e5rsaker kurveskrik. Styrbare hjulsett, alts\u00e5 hjul som f\u00f8lger sporene bedre, har vist seg \u00e5 v\u00e6re effektivt for \u00e5 redusere kurveskrik. Tiltaket er effektivt b\u00e5de for slitasje p\u00e5 hjul og p\u00e5 skinne, og dermed ogs\u00e5 for st\u00f8yniv\u00e5et generelt.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:styrbar_boggi"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_34_styrbar_boggi.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Styrbare hjulsett kontra konvensjonell boggi.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== St\u00f8y fra godstog ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Konkurransen innenfor godstransportsektoren er hard. Mye trafikk skjer om natten, i \u00f8kende mengde og med st\u00f8rre fart enn tidligere. Lavt st\u00f8yniv\u00e5 er en viktig faktor i konkurransen mellom ulike transportformer. St\u00f8yen kan mest effektivt reduseres med tiltak p\u00e5 hjul og skinne.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">St\u00f8y- og vibrasjonshensyn, sammen med \u00f8nske om bedre drifts- og vedlikeholdsrutiner, gj\u00f8r det aktuelt med en viss revurdering av utforming av vognkasse, hjul, boggi, bremsesystem, skinner og banefundament. Godsvogner bruker i hovedsak tre \u00abhjulsystem\u00bb, alle utstyrt med klossbremser. Klossbremser har driftsfordeler, men gir ujevn hjuloverflate og mye rullest\u00f8y i normal drift. Skivebremser har st\u00f8ymessige fordeler, men er mer kostbare og tyngre enn klossbremser.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For kj\u00f8refart omkring 100 km/t er st\u00f8ybidraget fra hjul og skinne omtrent like. For lavere hastigheter er skinnebidraget marginalt h\u00f8yere, for st\u00f8rre fart dominerer hjulbidraget. Lydavstr\u00e5ling fra sville er bare viktig for frekvenser under ca. 400 Hz. Skinnebidraget dominerer for ca. 400\u20131200 Hz og hjul over ca. 1200 Hz. Lydbidraget fra vognkassen er normalt ikke viktig for godsvogner og skjermet spor.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Skj\u00f8rt demper st\u00f8y fra godstog, viser unders\u00f8kelser fra Tyskland, \u00d8sterrike og Italia. En dempning p\u00e5 10\u201315 dB er oppn\u00e5dd i enkelte tilfeller.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Tyskland og Sveits patenterer nye bremseklossmaterialer og vil ha rask utskifting av klossbremser p\u00e5 alle godstog. Det er noe skepsis i de andre landene til den tekniske l\u00f8sningen med tanke p\u00e5 sikkerhet, pris og holdbarhet og til tempoet i utskiftingen. Det er imidlertid stor enighet om st\u00f8yreduksjonspotensialet, og om behovet for et felleseuropeisk utskiftningsprogram. Det foretas imidlertid unders\u00f8kelser med tanke p\u00e5 driftssikkerhet knyttet til effekt av bremseklosstypene ved varmeutvikling (sikre bremseeffekt/trafikksikkerheten) og materialenes egenskaper under vinterforhold og kulde.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:godstog_ulike_bremser"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_35_stoy_godstog_ulike_bremser.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Eksempel p\u00e5 st\u00f8yutstr\u00e5ling godsvogner med ulike bremsemateriale, m\u00e5linger fra Sveits og \u00d8sterrike, kj\u00f8rehasighet 80 km/t.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== St\u00f8y fra jernbaneterminaler ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Tiltak for \u00e5 redusere st\u00f8y fra framf\u00f8ring av godstog p\u00e5 terminaler vil tilsvare tiltak p\u00e5 spor for alminnelig trafikk.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Sliping av skinner kan gi betydelig reduksjon av st\u00f8y ogs\u00e5 for terminaler. Betydelig forbedring kan dessuten oppn\u00e5s ved forbedring av sporskj\u00f8ter og veksler, spesielt dersom veksler bygges med bevegelig kryss, der \u00e5pninger mellom skinnene unng\u00e5s.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Spesielt for terminalomr\u00e5der er at tog kj\u00f8rer i lave hastigheter, som gj\u00f8r at for eksempel skinnestegsisolasjon vil v\u00e6re et mer effektivt tiltak enn p\u00e5 strekninger med h\u00f8ye hastigheter. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Sanering av eldre materiell'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I Norge har antall godsvogner blitt kraftig redusert de siste 10\u201320 \u00e5rene. Det er i f\u00f8rste rekke de eldste og d\u00e5rligste vognene som gjennom dette er tatt ut av driften og sanert. Godsselskapene har i l\u00f8pet av de siste \u00e5rene g\u00e5tt over til faste togstammer for containertrafikken. Dette f\u00f8rer til redusert st\u00f8y fra godstrafikk, ettersom det bl.a. medf\u00f8rer behov for f\u00e6rre vogner og mindre skifteaktivitet p\u00e5 terminalene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Utbedring/utbytting av skiftemaskiner og annet materiell'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er forholdsvis stor forskjell p\u00e5 den avstr\u00e5lt st\u00f8y fra de forskjellige skiftemaskinene. En utskiftning til mer st\u00f8ysvakt materiell vil ha positiv innvirkning p\u00e5 st\u00f8ybildet. F.eks utskifting av skiftemaskiner av type Di2 og T44 til fordel for f.eks Skd 224 vil redusere maksverdien ca. 5 dB.\u00a0 Annet materiell som er i bruk p\u00e5 skifteomr\u00e5det kan ofte skiftes ut med mindre st\u00f8yende materiell. F.eks blir det ofte benyttet trucker i forbindelse med containerterminaler, en utskifting av diesel-trucker til fordel for El-trucker vil kunne redusere st\u00f8yen. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Endringer i driftsopplegg og trafikk'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Klager p\u00e5 st\u00f8y fra aktivitet p\u00e5 skifteomr\u00e5der er ofte knyttet opp til st\u00f8y om natten, kvelden eller tidlig morgen. En restrukturering av skifteaktiviteten til mindre aktiviteter i de nevnte periodene er et effektivt tiltak som kan forbedrer bomilj\u00f8et. Mer st\u00f8y p\u00e5 dagtid har som oftest sm\u00e5 konsekvenser da beboerne i st\u00f8rre grad er borte fra hjemmet. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Skiftemetoder p\u00e5 enkelte skifteomr\u00e5der kan forbedres slik at de blir mindre st\u00f8yende. Det er f.eks. mange forskjellige m\u00e5ter \u00e5 bremse vogner p\u00e5 under skifteprosessen, noen av metodene er mer st\u00f8yende enn andre. F.eks. har stoppesko et h\u00f8yt st\u00f8yniv\u00e5, skinnebremser har ogs\u00e5 h\u00f8ye maksverdier, noe avhengig av den enkelte bremsetypen. Hydrauliske stempelbremser er derimot noe mindre st\u00f8yende. Bremselyder er av en slik karakter at de b\u00e6rer langt og er sv\u00e6rt sjenerende. Pufferst\u00f8t (vogner som kobles) er en st\u00f8ykilde som ofte er plagsom for naboer. En reduksjon av hastigheten til vognene ved st\u00f8tet vil redusere st\u00f8yen. (Kilde St\u00f8y fra rangering, Lydteknisk Institutt)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Redusert kj\u00f8rehastighet vil kunne redusere st\u00f8y. Konsekvenser for driften b\u00f8r vurderes f\u00f8r tiltak iverksettes som st\u00f8yreduserende tiltak. Det skal betydelig reduksjon i kj\u00f8rehastighet f\u00f8r effekt av hastighetsreduksjon blir vesentlig, og det er derfor lite aktuelt \u00e5 bruke de fleste steder.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Oppsummering, effekt av st\u00f8ytiltak ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:oppsummering_tiltak"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Oppsummering av effekt (i st\u00f8yniv\u00e5) av noen ulike st\u00f8yreduserende tiltak. </caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Tiltak</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Fordeler</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Ulemper</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Effekt av tiltak [dB]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Ledende hjulkonstruksjon</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Effektivt for kurveskrik</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>15</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Kurveradier over ''R'' > 300\u2013500 m</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| M\u00e5linger ikke n\u00f8dvendig</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Ikke alltid gjennomf\u00f8rbart</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>5\u20138</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Vannbehandling </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Effektivt, billig</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Fryseproblemer vedlikeholdskrav</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>15</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Kjemisk behandling (sm\u00f8ring) av<br /> skinneoverflaten</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Effektivt, ikke fryseproblemer</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Forurensning, spesialutstyr</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>15</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Hjulbsorbenter</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Effektivt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Hvert hjul m\u00e5 behandles</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>2\u20135</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Kombinasjon hjul-/skinnemateriale</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Effektivt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Mangler erfaringer</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>5\u201310</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:oppsummering_tiltak_UIC"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Oppsummering av effekt (i st\u00f8yniv\u00e5) av noen ulike st\u00f8yreduserende tiltak.</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Parameter</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Verdi for lavest st\u00f8yniv\u00e5</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Verdi for h\u00f8yest st\u00f8yniv\u00e5</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! Niv\u00e5differanse</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Skinnetype</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| UIC 54 E</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| UIC 60</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,7 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Statisk ''pad stiffness''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 5 * 10<sup>9</sup></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 10<sup>8</sup></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 5,9 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''Pad loss factor''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,5</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,1</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 2,6 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Svilletype</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''Bi-bloc''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Tre</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 3,1 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Svilleavstand</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,4 m</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,8 m</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 1,2 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Ballaststivhet</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 10<sup>8</sup> N/m</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 3 * 10<sup>7</sup> N/m</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,2 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''Ballast loss factor''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 2,0</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,5</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,2 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''Wheel offset''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,01 m</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,2 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''Rail offset''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,01 m</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 1,3 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Hjulruhet</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''Smoothest''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''Roughest''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 8,5 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''Rughness of uncorrugated<br /> rails''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''Smoothest''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''Roughest''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,7\u20133,9 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Hastighet</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 80 km/t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 160 km/t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 9,4 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Hjullast</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 12,5 tonn</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 5 tonn</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 1,1 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Lufttemperatur</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 10 \u00b0C</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 30 \u00b0C</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| 0,2 dB</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\t</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tiltak_teknologier"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Oppsummering av effekt (i st\u00f8yniv\u00e5) av noen ulike st\u00f8yreduserende tiltak.</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! rowspan="2" width="100px"| Step</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! rowspan="2" width="250px"| Technical solution</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! colspan="2"| State of develpment</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! colspan="3"| Noise reduction [dB]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! rowspan="2" width="80px" | Effect on wheel squeal in curves</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! width="80px" | Prototype</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! width="80px" | Industrial</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! width="80px" | Wheel emission</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! width="80px" | Rail emission</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! width="80px" | Overall emission</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! rowspan="8" | 1.<br /> Minimization of wheel/rail roughness</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| colspan="7" align="left" | '''Wheel:''' </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | appropriate material for brake-shoe || X || X || || || 2\u201310 || </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | removal of tread brakes || || X || || || 2\u201310 || </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | appropriate slip-slide control system || || X || || || 2\u201310 ||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | wheel grinding || || X || || || 2\u201310 || </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| colspan="7" align="left" | '''Track:'''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | rail grinding || || X || || || 2\u201310 ||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | removal of rail joints || || X || || || 2\u201310 ||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! rowspan="12" | 2\u20133.<br /> Minimization of wheel and track acoustic radiation</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| colspan="7" align="left" | '''Wheel:'''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | shape optimization || X || X || 1\u20136 || || || </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | new wheel web material || X || || 1\u20136 || || || </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | addition of damping || X || X || 5\u201310 || ||\u00a0 || yes</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | resilient wheel ||\u00a0 || X || 4\u20136 || 0\u20133 || 0\u20136 || yes</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | screens on the web || X || X || 1\u20135 || || || yes</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| colspan="7" align="left" | '''Track:'''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | stiff and damped rail-pads || X || X || || 1\u20136 || ||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | addition of damping on the rail || X || || || 2\u20136 || ||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | optimization of rail shape || X || || || 0\u20134 || ||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | embedded rail || X || X || || 0\u20134 || ||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | sleeper optimization || X || || || 0\u20132 || ||</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! rowspan="5" | 4.<br /> Mitigation of sound propagation</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| colspan="7" align="left" | '''Wheel:'''</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | vehicle skirts || X || X || 2\u20136 || || 0\u20134 || </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | absorbing platform || X || X || || || 0\u20133 || </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" | rail screen || X || ||\u00a0 || ||\u00a0 0\u20133 || </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| align="left" |\u00a0 rail screen + vehicle skirts || X ||\u00a0 || || || 5\u20138 || </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">= Tiltak mot strukturlyd =</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Tiltak mot strukturlyd best\u00e5r oftest i \u00e5 legge vibrasjonsisolerende matter eller plater under ballasten. Dette er et relativt enkelt og rimelig tiltak i forbindelse med bygging av nye baner. P\u00e5 baner som er i drift vil begrensning i sportilgang kunne fordyre tiltaket vesentlig. Ballastmatter av glassull er billigere enn matter av gummi, men har ikke like gode vibrasjonsisolerende egenskaper. Ballastmatter gir reduksjon av vibrasjoner i frekvenser over 30\u201335 Hz.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Strukturlyd forplanter seg gjennom \u00abhardt\u00bb medium. En bedre betegnelse p\u00e5 strukturlyden kan derfor v\u00e6re \u00abkonstruksjonsforplantet lyd\u00bb. Strukturlyd ligger i frekvensomr\u00e5det 30\u20131000 Hz. Strukturlyd kan generere problemer for bygninger inntil 50 m fra sporet og forplanter seg best i godt fjell.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">For strukturlyden er det en fordel med \u00abmyk\u00bb underbygning, i motsetning til lavfrekvente vibrasjoner hvor det er en fordel med \u00abstiv\u00bb underbygning.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Erfaring fra norske prosjekter ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I forbindelse med trikkeprosjekter har man har f\u00e5tt erfaring ang\u00e5ende virkning av avstivende betong under skinnegangen. For den nye Vikatrikken ble det utviklet en l\u00f8sning der skinnene ble lagt p\u00e5 en 300 mm betongplate som var isolert fra underlaget med 50 mm Rockwool vibrasjonsplate. Det er f\u00f8rst og fremst med tanke p\u00e5 reduksjon av strukturst\u00f8yoverf\u00f8ring at l\u00f8sningen ble benyttet. Imidlertid er det ved etterm\u00e5linger p\u00e5vist at l\u00f8sningen ogs\u00e5 gir betydelig lavere vibrasjonsniv\u00e5er enn l\u00f8sninger uten betongplate. Ved utviklingen av denne l\u00f8sningen ble det gjennomf\u00f8rt kvasistatiske elementberegninger. Produktet av nedb\u00f8yning og nedb\u00f8yningsgradient (brattheten p\u00e5 nedb\u00f8yningskurven) for de ulike l\u00f8sningene ble benyttet som dimensjonerende kriterium for vibrasjonsisolerende effekt i det lavfrekvente vibrasjonsomr\u00e5det 5\u201320 Hz.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== St\u00f8ysvake sporkonstruksjoner ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Krav til st\u00f8ysvake spor st\u00e5r delvis i konflikt med de jernbanetekniske krav. For demping av strukturlyd er det en fordel med \u00abmyke\u00bb spor. Dette \u00f8ker imidlertid strekkspenningene i skinnefoten og dermed faren for skinnebrudd. Dessuten kan for myke skinnebefestigelser gi for d\u00e5rlig st\u00f8tte mot sidekrefter, slik at skinneutglidning og dermed sporvidden blir for stor. Myk skinnebefestigelse og\u00a0 underst\u00f8ttelse kan ogs\u00e5 gi \u00f8kt utstr\u00e5ling av luftlyd fra skinnene fordi skinnene blir mindre akustisk dempet. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">F\u00f8lgende generelle krav m\u00e5 tilfredsstilles:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* n\u00f8dvendig demping</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* lang holdbarhet</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* mykheten m\u00e5 ikke virke negativt p\u00e5 sporkvaliteten</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* konvensjonelle spor m\u00e5 kunne brukes</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* vanlig sporvedlikehold m\u00e5 kunne utf\u00f8res (pakking, sporjustering, ballastrens mv.)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">De mest aktuelle tiltakene er, i tillegg til godt vedlikeholdt spor, vibrasjonsisolerende matter under ballasten eventuelt under svillene (svillematter). Andre tiltak som vibrasjonsisolerende betongplater under ballasten eller spesielle vibrasjonsisolatorer ved hver skinnebefestigelse er dyre l\u00f8sninger og ansees uaktuelle fordi det introduserer spesiall\u00f8sninger som er lite \u00f8nskelig driftsmessig.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''H\u00f8yelastisk skinnebefestigelse'''<br /> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">I noen tilfeller kan det v\u00e6re aktuelt \u00e5 bruke ballastfritt spor, for eksempel for \u00e5 spare konstruksjonsh\u00f8yde. Det finnes p\u00e5 markedet flere mulige h\u00f8yelastiske skinnebefestigelser.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:pandrol_fastclip"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_36_pandrol_fastclip.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Jernbaneverket bruker p\u00e5 nyanlegg kun Pandrol Fastclip med 10 mm underlagsplate og \u00abplastkomponenter\u00bb ved befestigelsen.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Strukturlyd, erfaringer ved ulike tiltak'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* h\u00f8yelastisk skinnebefestigelse: Virker for frekvenser over 30\u201335 Hz. Ved 50 Hz er dempningen 6\u201310 dB.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* ballastmatter: Virker i frekvensomr\u00e5det over 16\u201318 Hz. Ved 50 Hz er dempningen opptil 20 dB.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* ballastmatter og tykkere ballastlag (0,8 m) medf\u00f8rer ytterligere 3\u20134 dB demping. Merk: \u00d8kt ballasttykkelse (ut over 0,5 m) alene ikke gir forbedring.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* svillematter: P\u00e5vist demping p\u00e5 10 dB ved m\u00e5linger (lagt bl.a. under Oslo Plaza)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* masse-fj\u00e6r-systemer (ingen erfaringer i Norge)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figtable id="tab:eks_sylomer"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| class="wikitable"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|+<caption>Eks. p\u00e5 bruksomr\u00e5der for Sylomer ballastmatter</caption></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! width="100px" | Tykkelse <br />(med mer)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! width="100px" | Ballastsiffer/stivhet <br />(N/mm<sup>3</sup>)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">! width="350px" | Bruksomr\u00e5de</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>16</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>0,12</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| H\u00f8yhastighet, dempe luftlyd fra broer</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>20</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>0,06</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| Som over, dempe strukturlyd</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>23</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>0,05</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''v''<sub>maks</sub> 160 km/t ellers som over</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>29</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>0,035</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''v''<sub>maks</sub> 120 km/t ellers som over</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>45</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| <center>0,03</center></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">| ''v''<sub>maks</sub> 120 km/t med sterk demping av strukturlyd</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figtable> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det fins spesialmatter som kan gi 15 dB st\u00f8yreduksjon. Dette er imidlertid meget kostbart. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mineralull har ogs\u00e5 v\u00e6rt brukt, og man kan da regne med en st\u00f8yreduksjon p\u00e5 8\u201310 dB. Man har imidlertid ikke s\u00e6rlig erfaring med mineralullens langtidsegenskaper utover 10\u201315 \u00e5r.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er viktig \u00e5 v\u00e6re klar over at man ikke kan summere oppgitt st\u00f8yreduksjon i dB ved for eksempel \u00e5 ha spesialmatter under pukken samtidig som fundamentene vibrasjonsisoleres. Dette skyldes at begge tiltak gir mest st\u00f8yreduksjon ved h\u00f8ye frekvenser, slik at man sitter igjen med den lavfrekvente st\u00f8yen.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hvis man kommer til at det m\u00e5 innf\u00f8res elastisitet, er det viktig at dette ikke gj\u00f8res i form av mykere mellomleggsplater mellom skinne og sville. M\u00e5linger tyder p\u00e5 at myke mellomleggsplater gir mer vibrasjoner i skinnene, og \u00f8kt st\u00f8yavstr\u00e5ling i det viktige frekvensomr\u00e5det rundt 250 Hz og noe lavere. N\u00e5r man innf\u00f8rer tiltak med st\u00f8yskjerming og fasadeisolering,\u00a0 sitter man oftest igjen med den lavfrekvente st\u00f8yen. St\u00f8y\u00f8kning i frekvensomr\u00e5det rundt 250 Hz og lavere kan derfor ha stor betydning for innend\u00f8rs st\u00f8yniv\u00e5. P\u00e5 denne bakgrunn b\u00f8r man benytte stive mellomleggsplater og i stedet legger elastisiteten i vibrasjonsisolerende matter under ballast.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Ballastmatter er bedre egnet enn svillematter til \u00e5 redusere strukturst\u00f8y ved s\u00e5 lave frekvenser. Svillematter kan resultere i noe h\u00f8yere vibrasjoner i skinnene og dermed h\u00f8yere luftlydniv\u00e5er enn ballastmatter. Vi anbefaler at man benytter ballastmatter, disse b\u00f8r ha stivhet ca. 0,06 N/mm<sup>3</sup>. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">N\u00e5r det gjelder produkter vil dette f\u00f8rst og fremst v\u00e6re et prissp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l, og det b\u00f8r hentes inn priser fra aktuelle leverand\u00f8rer. Mattenes tykkelse vil v\u00e6re 25\u201330 mm.\u00a0 En mulighet vil her v\u00e6re \u00e5 benytte ballastmatter av gummigranulat fra bildekk. Et norsk utviklingsprosjekt p\u00e5g\u00e5r med tanke p\u00e5 \u00e5 benytte slike matter under sviller p\u00e5 T-bane. Det er imidlertid fullt mulig \u00e5 produsere egnede ballastmatter med stivheten som er angitt.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:vibrasjonsisolering"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_37_vibrasjonsisolering.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Vibrasjonsisolering ved skinnegangen.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Teknisk regelverk stiller krav til bruk av [https://trv.jbv.no/wiki/Overbygning/Prosjektering/Ballast#Ballastmatter_mot_strukturlyd ballastmatter] og [https://trv.jbv.no</ins>/wiki/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Overbygning/Prosjektering/Sporkonstruksjoner#Mellomlegg mellomlegg].</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Dempere mellom skinnegang og bygningskropp ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Strukturlyd fra skinneg\u00e5ende trafikk kan reduseres\u00a0 ved \u00e5 montere gummibaserte dempere mellom skinnegangen og bygningskroppen.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:dempere_pa_lokk"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_40_dempere_pa_lokk.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Eksempel p\u00e5 plassering av dempere rett p\u00e5 lokk.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Slike tiltak kan redusere strukturlydniv\u00e5 med opptil 20 dB. Resultatet avhenger mye av hvordan vibrasjonsisoleringen er utformet. Det er lettere \u00e5 vibrasjonsisolere h\u00f8yfrekvente vibrasjoner enn lavfrekvente. Resultatet avhenger derfor ogs\u00e5 av vibrasjonenes frekvensinnhold.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gummibaserte dempere er brukt i hotellet i Byporten i Oslo, som st\u00e5r vibrasjonsisolert p\u00e5 sportrakten/kulverten p\u00e5 Oslo Sentralstasjon.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">dempere_pa_hus"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_41_demper_pa_hus.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Eksempel p\u00e5 dempere i hus over tunnel i fjell.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Dempere er vanligvis bygd opp av gummi og st\u00e5lplater som vist p\u00e5 <xr id="fig:gummidempere" /> under.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:gummidempere"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_42_gummidempere.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Dempere bygd opp av gummi og st\u00e5lplater.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Gummien m\u00e5 ha anledning til \u00e5 utvide seg sideveis n\u00e5r demperne trykkes sammen. H\u00f8yden p\u00e5 demperne er vanligvis 50\u2013100 mm og sidekantene 150\u2013250 mm.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">= Tiltak mot f\u00f8lbare vibrasjoner =</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er som regel vanskeligere \u00e5 takle de f\u00f8lbare vibrasjonene enn strukturlyd. </ins>Ofte <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">er vibrasjonene s\u00e5 lavfrekvente at det generelt er vanskelig \u00e5 vibrasjonsisolere hele bygningen. Imidlertid kan det lages spesialkonstruksjoner, vibrasjonsisolerte dekkekonstruksjoner for rom med spesielle vibrasjonskrav.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Mye kan gj\u00f8res ved \u00e5 unng\u00e5 at un\u00f8dvendige vibrasjoner oppst\u00e5r. Spesielt viktig er det \u00e5 redusere skinne- og hjulujevnheter ved systematisk vedlikehold. Dette vil redusere, ikke bare st\u00f8y og vibrasjoner, men ogs\u00e5 slitasje og belastninger p\u00e5 banefundament og rullende materiell. Kj\u00f8rekomfort for passasjerene vil ogs\u00e5 forbedres.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Hjuldiameter og svilleavstand er to \u00abfaste\u00bb dimensjoner som vises igjen i vibrasjonsm\u00f8nsteret (frekvensspekteret), m\u00e5lt n\u00e6r bane. N\u00e5r kj\u00f8refarten \u00f8ker, \u00f8ker frekvensen som har sitt opphav i disse dimensjonene tilsvarende. Det er viktig at disse frekvensene ikke samsvarer med resonansfrekvenser for baneoppbygning eller rullende materiell.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det finnes en rekke tiltak som kan redusere de vibrasjoner som jernbanetrafikk for\u00e5rsaker i bygninger langs banen:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* tiltak knyttet til baneoppbygningen</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* tiltak i grunnen mellom bane og bygning (masseutskiftning)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* tiltak ved eller i ber\u00f8rte bygninger</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:fundamentering_i_fjell"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_43_fundamentering_i_fjell.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Eksempel p\u00e5 fundamentering av bygning til fjell.</caption></ins>]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Tiltak i baneoppbygningen har sin virkning ved \u00e5 \u00f8ke stivheten og massen av banens underbygning. De fleste av tiltakene utf\u00f8res enklest i forbindelse med bygging av banen, men det finnes ogs\u00e5 tiltak som kan settes i verk i ettertid. Med slike tiltak er det mulig \u00e5 redusere vibrasjonene i forhold til en standard baneoppbygning med en faktor p\u00e5 mellom to og ti, avhengig av tiltakets omfang og av grunnforholdene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">De mest aktuelle tiltak ved og i bygningene best\u00e5r i \u00e5 sette ned en vibrasjonsbarriere mellom bygget og banen og/eller stive av b\u00e6rende konstruksjoner i bygget. Ved hjelp av ett, eller en kombinasjon av slike tiltak, kan vibrasjonene reduseres med en faktor p\u00e5 to til fem. Tiltakene kan utf\u00f8res etter at banen er bygget, dersom det oppst\u00e5r behov for \u00e5 bedre forholdene.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''Tiltak mot vibrasjoner'''<br /></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* st\u00f8rre flate mellom skinne/hjul og underlag</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* st\u00f8rre flate p\u00e5 svillene, f.eks. ved tettere avstand mellom disse</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* underlagsplate mellom skinne og sville. Dette stiller imidlertid store krav til underlagsmaterialet. Ofte vil kreftene v\u00e6re mindre under svillen eller under ballasten</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* vibrasjonsisolerende skjermtyper i bakken mellom bane og bebyggelse</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* utnytte gunstige grunnforhold mellom bane og bygninger (grunnforholdene er av stor betydning)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* bygningskonstruksjon</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* avstivingen av skinnegangen med langsg\u00e5ende betongbjelker har f\u00f8rst og fremst betydning for vibrasjonene i det laveste frekvensomr\u00e5det, godt under 100 Hz</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* svevende p\u00e6ler vil ogs\u00e5 redusere vibrasjonsniv\u00e5et, men ikke s\u00e5 mye som ved \u00e5 g\u00e5 helt ned til fjell</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* kalksementp\u00e6ler under banekonstruksjon eller som enn slisse mellom bane og bygning</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">gunstig plassering av hus n\u00e6r veg eller jernbane</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"> </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:slisse"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_44_slisse.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Slisser i leire for \u00e5 redusere vibrasjoner.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Det er til n\u00e5 bare benyttet kalksementpeler som vibrasjonsreduserende tiltak p\u00e5 Gardermobanen. Et annet tiltak som har v\u00e6rt pr\u00f8vd p\u00e5 andre strekninger, er \u00e5 \u00f8ke tykkelsen p\u00e5 forsterkningslaget. Tiltak med for eksempel betongbjelker eller plater under sporene har ikke v\u00e6rt pr\u00f8vd p\u00e5 jernbanestrekninger i Norge. Det ble i en tidlig fase av prosjekteringen av Gardermobanen gjennom Lillestr\u00f8m vurdert et tiltak med en 1 m tykk betongplate under sporene. Av kostnadsmessige \u00e5rsaker ble det imidlertid besluttet \u00e5 ikke detaljutrede tiltaket. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">P\u00e5 Sandvika stasjon ble det lagt et stivt isolasjonssjikt og en 150 mm tykk betongplate mellom ballast og ballastmatte. Man regnet med at tiltaket ville gi noe reduksjon av lavfrekvente vibrasjoner, men p\u00e5 grunn av endringer av b\u00e6rekonstruksjoner kunne man ikke m\u00e5leteknisk etterpr\u00f8ve dette.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><figure id="fig:ugunstig_plassering"></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Image:Fig5_45_ugunstig_plassering.png|thumb|center|500px|<caption>Eksempel p\u00e5 ugunstig plassering av hus n\u00e6r veg eller jernbane.</caption>]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"></figure></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">= Internasjonalt samarbeid innen st\u00f8yreduksjon =</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Europeisk rammedirektiv for st\u00f8yreduksjon ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">EU-kommisjonen har utarbeidet [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:189:0012:0025:EN:PDF direktiv 2002/49/EC \u00abEnvironmental Noise Directive\u00bb (END)] som p\u00e5legger EU- og E\u00d8S-medlemmene \u00e5 kartlegge st\u00f8y fra transportkilder i st\u00f8rre byomr\u00e5der og langs transport\u00e5rer med mye trafikk. Kartleggingen skal danne grunnlag for handlingsplaner for \u00e5 redusere st\u00f8yplagen. Direktivet er implementert i </ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">http</ins>://<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lovdata</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">no/for</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sf</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">md</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">xd-20040601</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">0931.html#map011 forurensningsforskriften kap 5] og p\u00e5legger norske anleggseiere, deriblant JBV) og kommuner \u00e5 gjennomf\u00f8re kartlegging. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">F\u00f8rste trinn av kartleggingen ble gjennomf\u00f8rt i 2007 og omfattet byomr\u00e5der med mer enn 250 000 innbyggere (Oslo) og baner med mer enn 60 000 passeringer per \u00e5r (mest trafikkerte banene i Oslo-omr\u00e5det). Neste trinn av kartleggingen skal gjennomf\u00f8res innen 30. juni 2012 og omfatter byomr\u00e5der med mer enn 100 000 innbyggere samt baner med mer enn 30 000 passeringer per \u00e5r. Dette gjelder dermed byomr\u00e5dene Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim Stavanger/Sandnes og Sarpsborg/Fredrikstad. Banene som m\u00e5 kartlegges i tillegg er de store banene fra Oslo til Eidsvoll, Moss og Drammen samt Arna\u2013Bergen og Sandnes\u2013Stavanger.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== TSI st\u00f8y ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">TSI</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">st\u00f8y (se [[St\u00f8y og vibrasjoner#Grenseverdier og forskrifter|Grenseverdier og forskrifter]]) ble vedtatt i 2005 og er bl.a. ment som virkemiddel for \u00e5 innf\u00f8re komposittbremseklosser p\u00e5 nye og opprustede godsvogner. Det er derfor i praksis umulig \u00e5 oppfylle kravene for godsvogner med gammeldagse st\u00f8pejernsklosser.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== St\u00f8ydifferensier kj\u00f8reveisavgift ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Et annet virkemiddel for \u00e5 gi incentiv til utskiftning av bremseklosser p\u00e5 godsvogner er \u00e5 innf\u00f8re kj\u00f8reveisavgift (avgift for sportilgang) som er differensiert etter hvor st\u00f8yende toget er. Dvs. at st\u00f8ysvake tog f\u00e5r en bonus mens de gamle og st\u00f8yende togene m\u00e5 betale ekstra avgift. Forslaget f\u00e5r kritikk for \u00e5 v\u00e6re for byr\u00e5kratisk og tungvint.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== Samarbeidsprosjekter i UIC ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[http://www.uic.org/ Den internasjonale jernbaneunionen (UIC)</ins>] <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">har fortl\u00f8pende prosjekter for \u00e5 utvikle metoder og teknologi for reduksjon av st\u00f8y. Det er for tiden st\u00f8rst fokus p\u00e5 utvikling og godkjenning av komposittbermseklosser til godstog. JBV st\u00f8tter ulike prosjekter p\u00e5 omr\u00e5det i regi av UIC.</ins></div></td></tr>\n"
}
}